Evolution

Step 1: Who proposed the theory?}
The theory of Natural Selection was proposed by Charles Darwin. He is known for his contributions to the theory of evolution, where he explained how species evolve over time due to the process of natural selection.
Step 2: Explanation of the theory.
Natural Selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, leading to the gradual evolution of species.

Step 1: Identify the organism.
The organism used as an example to explain Industrial Melanism is the Peppered Moth ({Biston betularia}).
Step 2: Explain the phenomenon.
Industrial Melanism refers to the darker coloration of organisms, which is often a result of environmental changes, such as pollution. The Peppered Moth evolved darker coloration during the Industrial Revolution, when soot from factories darkened the environment, making the lighter-colored moths more visible to predators.

Step 1: Define Speciation.
The process by which new species arise from the existing ones is called {speciation}. Speciation is a key concept in evolutionary biology, as it explains the formation of new and distinct species from a common ancestor.
Step 2: Mechanisms of Speciation.
Speciation can occur through various mechanisms such as: - {Allopatric speciation}, where geographic isolation leads to the formation of new species.
- {Sympatric speciation}, where new species arise from a single population without geographic isolation, often due to ecological or behavioral differences.
- {Parapatric speciation}, which occurs when populations are adjacent to each other but occupy different habitats or environments.

Step 3: Role of Genetic Divergence.
As these populations become isolated, genetic divergence occurs over time, and the differences accumulate, leading to the emergence of distinct species. This divergence can result from natural selection, genetic drift, or mutations.