Federal Features Of The Constitution

The provisions of the Government of India Act 1935, though never implemented fully, had a great impact on the Constitution of India. The act had the provision of the division of powers into three lists - Federal, Provincial and Concurrent which inspired the current scheme of distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in Union, State and Concurrent List.

Indian federalism is characterized by key features such as an independent judiciary, a clear division of powers between the Centre and the States, and unequal representation of States in the Rajya Sabha, all of which are enshrined in the Indian Constitution. However, unlike classical federations like the United States, Indian federalism is not the outcome of an agreement among the federating units. The Indian Constitution, which lays down the framework for India's federal structure, was not created through an agreement among the federating units but was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India.

**Option A is correct.** In a federal system, power is distributed between the central government and the states. There can be disputes about the division of power or interpretation of the Constitution. An independent judiciary acts as an impartial umpire to settle these disputes and uphold the Constitution. It ensures that both the central government and the states function within their constitutional boundaries.The other options, while relevant to Indian polity, are not exclusive to federal systems  **Option B is incorrect.** The Union Legislature having elected representatives from constituent units is a common feature in both federal and some unitary states with devolved power. **Option C is incorrect.** The Union Cabinet having elected representatives from regional parties is not a defining characteristic of federalism. Political party affiliation doesn't necessarily determine the federal structure. **Option D is incorrect.** The Fundamental Rights being enforceable by Courts of Law, while essential for a democracy, this feature exists even in some non-federal states.