Constitution Of India

The Preamble of the Constitution of India reflects the ideals and objectives of the framers. It outlines the fundamental values that the Constitution is based on, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles of State Policy are all important elements, but it is the Preamble that encapsulates the overarching philosophy behind the Constitution.

Article 352 of the Indian Constitution allows the President to declare a National Emergency
in case of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
- Article 356 deals with President’s Rule in states.
- Article 360 relates to a Financial Emergency.
- Article 370 (now abrogated) provided special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
Thus, the correct answer is Article 352.

As per the provisions of the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, the President of India has the power to declare certain areas as 'Scheduled Areas'. These areas are designated based on the concentration of tribal populations and their socio-economic conditions. The Governor of the state is responsible for the administration of these areas under the guidance of the President.

The Indian Constitution is often described as "Quasi-Federal" because it has features of both federal and unitary systems. While India has a federal structure with division of powers between the Centre and the States, the Centre has significant overriding powers, especially in times of emergency.

Step 1: Understanding Concurrent List
The Concurrent List is provided under Schedule VII of the Indian Constitution. It contains subjects upon which both the Centre and States can legislate. Step 2: Number of Items in Concurrent List
Currently, the Concurrent List contains 47 items. Initially, the Concurrent List had fewer subjects, but through amendments, the number settled at 47 items. Both the Parliament and State legislatures can make laws on these items, but in case of a conflict, the central law prevails. Therefore, the correct answer is option (3): 47 items.

The Finance Commission of India is established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution. It is constituted by the President of India every five years to make recommendations on the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States, as well as among the states themselves. The commission plays a crucial role in fiscal federalism in India.