Animal Biotechnology

Small Size and Scale-Up Issues: One of the main issues of animal cell culture is that cultures are usually done on a small scale, and they may be difficult to scale up for commercial or industrial level production. May Not Represent In-Vivo: An important limitation of in vitro animal cell culture is that it may not accurately reflect the natural characteristics of the cells in vivo in the body. This is mainly because the lab environment is very different from what is found in the body. Other relevant points: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Assertion (A): Maintaining a specific range of pH is essential for mammalian cells because their enzymes and other cellular processes operate efficiently only within this specific range, and a fluctuation in pH could lead to cell damage. Reason (R): The Bicarbonate–carbon dioxide buffering system is commonly used in cell cultures to maintain a stable pH by reacting with acids or bases in the medium. However, this is not the only way in which the pH is controlled in a cell, where cellular mechanisms also play a part in pH regulation. Explanation: Here, both the Assertion and the Reason are true, but the reason does not fully explain why pH regulation is essential for cell survival. Hence (B) is the right choice.

Blood serum: Blood serum, specifically fetal bovine serum (FBS), is a rich source of peptide hormones, growth factors and other nutrients which are necessary for the healthy in vitro growth of animal cells. These components provide the cells with the necessary signals for proliferation and differentiation. Phenol red: Phenol red is a pH indicator used in cell culture media to monitor the pH levels. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are added to cell culture media to prevent bacterial contamination. Amino acids: Amino acids are components of cell culture media but do not serve the purpose of providing peptide hormones and growth factors.