Biological Classification

Diatoms have cell walls containing silica, constructed in two overlapping halves epitheca and hypotheca which fit together like two parts of a soap box (pennate types) or pair of Petridishes (centric types) . The common mode of multiplication is by binary fission. During fission, the epitheca and hypotheca slightly separate apart with two daughter protoplasts in between, and new cell wall halves are formed. In case, where parent hypotheca serves as the epitheca for the daughter cell, the resulting daughter cells. become smaller than the parent cell (because in? parent cell hypotheca is smaller than epitheca to fit into it). On the other hand, in case where parent epitheca serves ?as the epitheca, the resulting daughter cell is of the same size as the parent cell. However, fertilization .during sexual reproduction produces a zygote which grows in size and forms a rejuvenescent cell, called auxospore. In, this manner, the diatoms size is restored.

Amanita phalloides (death cap) is a poisonous, non-edible mushroom or toadstool. Another poisonous toadstool is Amanita caesarea (Caesar's Mushroom) which was used in the poisoning of Roman emperor Caesar. They produce toxins called amatoxins which affect heart and liver

E. coli is Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium belonging to the kingdom of prokaryotes, i.e. Monera.Monera includes all prokaryotes, viz., mycoplasma, bacteria, actinomycetes (mycelial bacteria) and photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes and other membrane bound organelles are absent. The genetic material is naked circular DNA, neither enclosed by nuclear envelope nor complexed with proteins and without formation of well defined chromosomes. It is called nucleoid or genophore.

In the cell wall of blue-green algae and bacteria, there are two important sugar derivatives which are not found anywhere else, i.e., NAG and NAM ( -acetyl glucosamine and -acetyl muramic acid), besides a-alanine, -alanine, glutamic acid and diaminopimelic acid.

Diatoms have cell walls containing silica, constructed in two overlapping halves epitheca and hypotheca which fit together like two parts of a soap box (pennate types) or pair of Petridishes (centric types) . The common mode of multiplication is by binary fission. During fission, the epitheca and hypotheca slightly separate apart with two daughter protoplasts in between, and new cell wall halves are formed. In case, where parent hypotheca serves as the epitheca for the daughter cell, the resulting daughter cells. become smaller than the parent cell (because in? parent cell hypotheca is smaller than epitheca to fit into it). On the other hand, in case where parent epitheca serves ?as the epitheca, the resulting daughter cell is of the same size as the parent cell. However, fertilization .during sexual reproduction produces a zygote which grows in size and forms a rejuvenescent cell, called auxospore. In, this manner, the diatoms size is restored.

Answer (c) Prion

Answer (d) Bacterium