Reading Comprehension

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There are four types of food service systems -
Conventional food service system : Food is prepared in a kitchen on the premises where the food is to be served E.g. in cafeterias, restaurants, dining areas of hostels or it may be carried on trays and served to patients in hospitals. This system is more adaptable to individual preferences and there is a greater flexibility in meal planning, distribution costs are minimal.
Commissary food service system : Food is prepared carefully at one place but is distributed to several remote areas for final preparation and service. E.g - there are chains of outlets like Cafe Coffee Day, Barista etc. In this system, all ingredients can be purchased in bulk, no need for seperate equipment and personnel to cook the food in each unit, thus, ensuring product quality and cost - effectiveness.
Ready - prepared food service system : Foods are prepared well in advance before the serving time and are frozen until used. (E.g. frozen parathas, samosas, French fries etc). There is a need for special equipment for freezing and storing the frozen food.
Assembly service system : Fully prepared foods are purchased from manufactures and only finishing processes like seasoning, thawing, reheating is done at the place of service. These operations require minimal cooking at the point of service (e.g. panipuri or bhelpuri) but the number of items prepared may not be large. Management in food service includes management of human and non - human resources generally known as 6M's - money, material, man (human resource), machines, minutes (time) and markets.
Management in food service includes several functions - planning, organising, delegating, motivating, directing, reporting, budgeting and coordinating the entire process.

Read the following passage and answer the following questions from.
RRE was a nationwide communication campaign for generating awareness about HIV / AIDS. A specially designed train traversed over 9,000 km a year, covering 180 districts / halt stations, and held programme and activities in 43,200 villages. It comprised of seven coaches, equipped with educational material, primarily on HIV / AIDS, interactive touch screens and 3-D models, services in the context of HIV-TB co-infection, an LCD projector for folk perfomances, counselling cabins and two doctor's cabins for providing counselling and treatment.
The project was implemented by National AIDS control organisation (NACO), Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathani (NYKS) and International Agencies such as UNICEF and UNAIDS, in cooperation with Indian Railways.

Radio and Television are the most popular, cheapest and convenient mass mediums that can be used for development purposes. Radio and Television programmes are presented in the form of news, interviews, discussions, documentaries, dramas, quiz etc. Based on the popularity of radio as medium of communication. All India Radio has introduced a new concept of 'local radio station'. It is run and managed by local people and the contents are for local use in their local dialect. The local radio station generally supports local programmes of development.
In September 2004, India launched Education Satellite (EDUSAT) which was the first Indian satellite built exclusively to serve the educational sector. EDUSAT is used to meet demand for an interactive satellite based distance education system in India. Todays Television offers a variety of programme through several channels international, national and local levels. Some of the programmes have scope for people to participate in the form of televisions shows, reality shows, competitions like Kaun Banega Karorpati. Aap ki Adalat, etc. These indicate the scope of education and entertainment to be harnessed together for common good.

The term education is familiar to all of us. But, 'Special education' may be new expression for some of you. It is a term that refers to educational provisions for children with special needs, emerging due to physical, mental and emotional challenges. Therefore they have Special Educational Needs (SEN). Thus Special Education means specially designed instruction for children with above mentioned challenges in all settings such as classroom, home, work place, public places, the street and the rehabllitation homes, etc. When children/students with SEN study in general classrooms with their peers, the arrangement is called 'inclusive education'.
The need for special educators and other personal in education programmes, both in social and inclusive education settings, has been increasing, over time, more so after the Persons With Disabilities (PWD) Act, 1995 was passed Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) has provision for eight years of education for all children, including those with professionals and personal who work in areas related to disabllity are regulated by the Rehabitation Council of India (RCI). This autonomous body facilitates special education training through several approved institutions thioughout the country certificate course in 'Early Childhood Special Education Enabling inclusion' from Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), which qualities the candidate to be early childhood special inclusive educator.

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Anganwadi Centers (AWCs) are the most common and publicly available facilities, initially constituted in 1975 to strengthen the public health system by providing immunization and health check-ups, and later to provide supplementary nutrition non-formal pre-school education and day-care.
The two key elements of early childhood development include education and health. A child's early years (0 to 8 years) form the foundation of all learning and are therefore the most extraordinary period of development in a child's life. Research has shown that greater cognitive abilities and being developmentally on track with literacy and numeracy in childhood provide for better learning in school and higher educational attainment, leading to major social and economic gains for society in the long run. Similarly, providing children with a muturing environment in early years, with adequate nutrition, hygiene, protection and responsive stimulation, boosts healthy childhood development and delivers positive outcomes.

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Consumers not only purchase products but a whole gamut of services like those of banks, other financial institutions, airlines and travel agencies, hospitals and other medical practitioners; public utilities like garbage collection, cleanliness and maintenance of roads, parks, etc; electricity water telephone, post and telegraph: educational institutions and so on.
Consumers face a number of problems with regard to these services like excessive billing, being charged but not delivering the service, gap between promised level of service and service that is delivered, overstating the service attributes and enticing the consumer, making false claims and so on.
Gap between service delivery and external communication is a consumer issue. Consumer expectations are affected by promises made by the service provider in his external communication which may be through brochures, advertisements, personal selling ete. E.g. If a resort hotel brochure shows a beautiful room but the guests arrive and find the room to be cheap and very ordinary. Many a times people make advance bookings based on the brochures or seeing the website or some other advertisements. In such bookings sometimes advance also has to be paid. If the customer does not like the room ambience he may be left with little choice since refunds are not given by many hotels.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the question.
Proportion: Proportion concerns the relation of one part of an object to another. A good design does not permit easy dissection. The elements are so skilfully blended that where one leaves off and the other one begins is not really apparent. This relationship is created in size, colour, shape and texture. All these need to be pleasingly related to each other and to the whole. This is generally based on the proportion of golden mean which is represented by ratios like 3:5:8 to 5:8:13 and so on. The smaller part 3 has the same relationship to the larger part 5 has to the whole 8.The garment is horizontally divided into 3:5, 5:8 or 8:13 section. These sections appear at the waist line, yoke and hamline. A dress appears pleasing if the blouse, skirt and total body represents the ratio of 3:5:8.
For example, in a skirt and blouse dress, the blouse represents 3, the skirt should represent 5, and combined effect represents 8; similarly in a shirt-pant dress, the shirt should represent 5 and pant should represent 8 and combine effect created is 13.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the following question.
Organisations consist of positions that have to be staffed. The organisation charts shows the title of each supervisor's position and by means of connecting lines who is accountable to whom, who has authority for each area and who is expected to communicate with whom. Job analysis is the procedure through which you determine the duties of company's position and the characteristics of the people to hire for them. Job analysis produces information for writing job descriptions (a list of what the job entails) and job (or person) specifications (what kind of people to hire for the job). Virtually every personnel-related action including interviewing applicants, training and appraising employees requires knowing what the job entails and what human traits one needs to do the job well.

In the counselling process, the professional counsellor may use different techniques. In directive or counsellor-centred counselling, the counsellor plays a major role and does all that is possible to get the counsellee to make decisions in keeping with the diagnosis of the problem. In non-directive or permissive or client-centred counselling, the counsellor’s role is comparatively passive. The counsellee takes an active part in the process of therapy. The person seeking help is encouraged to gain insight into the problem with the help of the counsellor. The counsellee takes the final decisions. Thus, this counselling process turns out to be a growth experience for the person. In eclectic counselling, counsellors who advocate using this type of counselling are of the view that directed or non-directed counselling are two ends of continuum. And counsellors should incorporate suitable techniques from both the types of counselling mentioned above as and when required, depending on the situation, the problem and the temperament of the client.