Indian Politics

Step 1: Understanding the presidency of the Indian National Congress.
Subhash Chandra Bose became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. He was elected in 1938 at the Haripura session and again in 1939 at the Tripuri session. His presidency is marked by his radical views on achieving Indian independence.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru: Nehru was a prominent leader of the INC but did not serve as the President in 1938 and 1939.
(B) Maulana Azad: Maulana Azad was the President of the Congress from 1940 to 1946, not in 1938 and 1939.
(C) Subhash Chandra Bose: Correct. Bose was elected as the President of the INC in 1938 and 1939.
(D) Rajendra Prasad: Rajendra Prasad was an influential leader but did not serve as the President of the INC during these years.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) Subhash Chandra Bose, as he was the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939.

Step 1: Understanding the formation of the Muslim League.
The All India Muslim League was formed in 1906 in Dhaka with the aim of representing the political rights of Muslims in India. It played a crucial role in the political developments leading to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) 1885: Incorrect. The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885, but not the Muslim League.
(B) 1900: Incorrect. The Muslim League was not formed in 1900.
(C) 1906: Correct. The Muslim League was formed in 1906 in Dhaka.
(D) 1916: Incorrect. The year 1916 is associated with the Lucknow Pact, but the Muslim League was formed in 1906.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) 1906, as that is when the Muslim League was formed.

Step 1: Understanding the Quit India Movement.
The Quit India Movement was launched in 1942 during the Congress session held in Bombay. It was a call for India's immediate independence from British rule, and it marked a significant turning point in the Indian freedom struggle.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Bankipore: This is incorrect, as the Quit India Movement was not proposed in the Bankipore session.
(B) Surat: This is incorrect, as Surat hosted other important sessions but not the Quit India Movement.
(C) Calcutta: This is incorrect, as the Quit India Movement was not proposed in Calcutta.
(D) Bombay: Correct. The Quit India Movement was proposed in the Congress session held in Bombay in 1942.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (D) Bombay, as the Quit India Movement was launched during the Congress session held in Bombay.

Step 1: Understanding the foundation of major political organizations.
The Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915 by Lala Lajpat Rai and others as a response to the need for a political platform for Hindus during the Indian independence movement.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, not in 1915.
(B) Hindu Mahasabha: Correct. The Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915.
(C) Muslim League: The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906, not in 1915.
(D) Swaraj Party: The Swaraj Party was founded in 1923, not in 1915.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (B) Hindu Mahasabha, as it was founded in 1915.

The Swaraj Party was established in 1923 by Chittranjan Das and Motilal Nehru. The formation of the party was a response to the political situation in India after the failure of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The leaders of the Swaraj Party believed that Congress should participate in the legislative councils to gain more political influence and advocate for self-rule within the British system.
Step 1: Purpose of the Swaraj Party.
The primary objective of the Swaraj Party was to demand self-governance for India, and its founders felt that it was important for Congress to work within the existing political framework, rather than completely boycotting it. By participating in the legislative councils, they aimed to obstruct the British government’s functioning and push for constitutional reforms in India.
Step 2: Political Impact.
The party aimed to achieve self-rule (Swaraj) through constitutional means rather than through mass non-violent agitation. They sought to influence policy by gaining seats in the legislative bodies and obstructing the British government’s activities. The formation of the Swaraj Party marked a significant shift in Indian political strategy.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, the Swaraj Party played a crucial role in the Indian freedom struggle by working within the system to demand self-rule and introduce reforms. Its foundation was a result of the evolving political strategy of the Congress leadership at that time.

Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, is known for his religious tolerance and the progressive religious policy he implemented during his reign. His policy aimed to create harmony among the diverse religious communities in his empire. Here are key points of Akbar’s religious policy:
Step 1: Abolition of Jizya Tax.
Akbar abolished the Jizya tax, which was a tax imposed on non-Muslims. This was an important step in promoting equality and fostering good relations between Hindus and Muslims in the empire.
Step 2: Promotion of Religious Tolerance.
Akbar adopted a policy of Sulh-i-Kul, meaning "universal peace," which encouraged tolerance and acceptance of all religions. He invited scholars from different religions, including Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Jesuits, to engage in discussions and debates.
Step 3: Din-i Ilahi.
Akbar founded a new religion, Din-i Ilahi, which was a syncretic religion combining elements from various religious traditions, including Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, and Christianity. While this religion did not gain widespread popularity, it symbolized Akbar’s commitment to religious harmony and unity.
Step 4: Patronage of Hindu Culture.
Akbar provided patronage to Hindu religious leaders and allowed Hindus to hold important positions in the administration. He also encouraged the construction of Hindu temples and supported Hindu festivals.

Step 1: Understanding the Congress split.
The Indian National Congress split during the 1907 Surat session due to growing differences between the moderate and extremist factions. The split occurred over ideological differences, with the moderates, led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, advocating for gradual reform and the extremists, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, demanding more direct action. This division weakened the unity of the Congress for some time.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) 1893, Lahore: This is incorrect. The Congress did not split in 1893 in Lahore.
(B) 1903, Madras: This is incorrect. The split did not occur in 1903.
(C) 1907, Surat: Correct. The Indian National Congress split in the Surat session in 1907.
(D) 1917, Calcutta: This is incorrect. The Congress split in Surat in 1907, not Calcutta in 1917.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The Indian National Congress split in the 1907 Surat session. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) 1907, Surat.

Step 1: Understanding the founding of political parties.
The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885. It played a pivotal role in the Indian independence movement and served as the main political party fighting for self-rule and independence from British colonial rule. The INC was established under the leadership of Allan Octavian Hume and other prominent leaders.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Forward Bloc: The Forward Bloc was founded by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1939, not in 1885.
(B) Hindu Mahasabha: The Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915, not in 1885.
(C) Indian National Congress: Correct. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and became the leading party in India’s independence movement.
(D) Muslim League: The Muslim League was founded in 1906, not in 1885.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) Indian National Congress, as it was founded in 1885.

Step 1: Understanding the Poorna Swaraj resolution.
The Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress during its session in 1929 at Lahore, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. This resolution called for complete independence from British rule, marking a significant shift in the Indian independence movement.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) 1909: Incorrect. The Indian National Congress passed no such resolution for Poorna Swaraj in 1909.
(B) 1916: Incorrect. The Home Rule Movement and the Lucknow Pact occurred in 1916, but not the Poorna Swaraj resolution.
(C) 1921: Incorrect. The 1921 session of the Congress marked significant events, but the Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed in 1929, not 1921.
(D) 1929: Correct. The Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed in the Lahore session of Congress in December 1929.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The resolution of Poorna Swaraj (complete independence) was passed by the Indian National Congress in 1929. Thus, the correct answer is (D).

Step 1: Understanding the "Day of Deliverance."
The "Day of Deliverance" was celebrated on 22nd December 1939 by the Muslim League in response to the resignation of the Congress ministers from the provincial governments. The Muslim League saw this as a moment of political victory and a deliverance from Congress's political dominance in India.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Swaraj Party: This is incorrect. The Swaraj Party was not involved in celebrating the "Day of Deliverance."
(B) Congress: This is incorrect. Congress did not celebrate the "Day of Deliverance"; instead, they had resigned from the provincial ministries.
(C) Muslim League: Correct. The Muslim League celebrated the "Day of Deliverance" on 22nd December 1939, marking the resignation of Congress ministers.
(D) Akali Dal: This is incorrect. The Akali Dal did not celebrate the "Day of Deliverance."
Step 3: Conclusion.
The Muslim League celebrated the "Day of Deliverance" on 22nd December 1939. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) Muslim League.

Step 1: Understanding the Hindu Mahasabha.
The Hindu Mahasabha was a right-wing Hindu nationalist organization founded in 1915 by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and others. It aimed to protect and promote the interests of Hindus and was involved in various aspects of Indian politics, particularly in the early 20th century.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) 1905: The Hindu Mahasabha was not established in 1905.
(B) 1910: The Hindu Mahasabha was not established in 1910.
(C) 1915: Correct. The Hindu Mahasabha was established in 1915.
(D) 1929: This is incorrect. The Hindu Mahasabha was founded earlier, in 1915.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) 1915, as that is when the Hindu Mahasabha was founded.