Jainism

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
यह प्रश्न जैन धर्म के 24वें तीर्थंकर, महावीर स्वामी के पारिवारिक जीवन से संबंधित है।
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
महावीर स्वामी का जन्म कुण्डग्राम (वैशाली के पास) में हुआ था।
उनके पिता का नाम सिद्धार्थ था, जो ज्ञातृक क्षत्रिय वंश के प्रमुख थे।
उनकी माता का नाम त्रिशला था, जो लिच्छवि राजकुमारी और राजा चेटक की बहन थीं।
(B) महामाया गौतम बुद्ध की माता थीं। (C) यशोधरा गौतम बुद्ध की पत्नी थीं। (D) अणोज्जा (या प्रियदर्शना) महावीर स्वामी की पुत्री थीं।
Step 3: Final Answer:
महावीर स्वामी की माता का नाम त्रिशला था। अतः, विकल्प (A) सही है।

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
यह प्रश्न जैन धर्म के नैतिक आचार संहिता के मूल, विशेष रूप से जैन भिक्षुओं और भिक्षुणियों द्वारा पालन किए जाने वाले पाँच महान व्रतों के बारे में है।
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
जैन धर्म में 'पंच महाव्रत' वे पाँच कठोर व्रत हैं जिनका पालन जैन साधु-संतों को मोक्ष प्राप्ति के लिए करना होता है। ये निम्नलिखित हैं:

1. अहिंसा (Ahimsa): किसी भी जीव को मन, वचन या कर्म से कष्ट न पहुँचाना।
2. सत्य (Satya): हमेशा सत्य बोलना।
3. अस्तेय (Asteya): चोरी न करना, अर्थात् किसी की भी कोई वस्तु बिना उसकी अनुमति के न लेना।
4. ब्रह्मचर्य (Brahmacharya): सभी प्रकार की यौन गतिविधियों और इंद्रिय सुखों का त्याग करना।
5. अपरिग्रह (Aparigraha): संपत्ति और सांसारिक वस्तुओं का संग्रह न करना और उनसे मोह न रखना।

इनमें से पहले चार व्रत पार्श्वनाथ द्वारा दिए गए थे, और पाँचवाँ व्रत 'ब्रह्मचर्य' महावीर स्वामी द्वारा जोड़ा गया था।
Step 3: Final Answer:
जैन धर्म में पंच महाव्रत अहिंसा, सत्य, अस्तेय, ब्रह्मचर्य और अपरिग्रह हैं।

Lord Mahavir Swami, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, emphasized the path of non-violence, self-control, and renunciation as the means to attain liberation (\textit{moksha}). For this purpose, he prescribed the Panch Mahavratas or Five Great Vows. These vows were to be strictly followed by Jain monks and nuns, while lay followers observed them in a limited form.
The Panch Mahavratas are:
1. Ahimsa (Non-violence):
To abstain completely from causing harm to any living being in thought, word, or action. It was considered the supreme vow and formed the foundation of Jain ethics. Even the smallest life forms were to be respected and protected.
2. Satya (Truthfulness):
To always speak the truth and avoid falsehood. This vow taught that lies cause harm and disturbance in society, and hence truth should always be practiced with compassion.
3. Asteya (Non-stealing):
To refrain from taking anything that does not belong to oneself. It included not only stealing but also avoiding dishonesty, cheating, or exploitation of others.
4. Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity):
For monks, it meant complete celibacy and renunciation of sexual pleasures. For householders, it meant loyalty, control, and moderation in desires. It was considered essential for spiritual discipline.
5. Aparigraha (Non-possession/Non-attachment):
To give up attachment to material possessions, wealth, and desires. The vow promoted simplicity and detachment, encouraging focus on spiritual development rather than worldly accumulation.
Together, these five vows formed the moral and spiritual code of conduct in Jainism. They were not only rules of personal discipline but also contributed to peace, harmony, and compassion in society. By practicing these, one could purify the soul and progress towards liberation.

Step 1: Understanding Tirthankaras.
In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a spiritual teacher who has achieved liberation and shows the path to others. Jain tradition recognizes 24 Tirthankaras.
Step 2: Identify the first Tirthankara.
The very first Tirthankara was Rishabhdeva (also known as Adinatha). He is considered the founder of Jain dharma traditions and mentioned in ancient Jain texts as well as some Hindu Puranas.
Step 3: Analyze each option.
- (A) Mahavira: 24th and last Tirthankara, not the first.
- (B) Parshvanatha: 23rd Tirthankara, earlier than Mahavira but not the first.
- (C) Ajitanatha: 2nd Tirthankara, not the first.
- (D) Rishabhdeva: Correct. He was the 1st Tirthankara.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The first Tirthankara of Jainism was Rishabhdeva.