Psychological Testing

चरण 1: प्रोजेक्टिव की पहचान।
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) में अस्पष्ट चित्रों पर कहानी कहलवाई जाती है; व्यक्ति अपने अंतर्निहित उद्देश्यों/संघर्षों का प्रक्षेपण करता है।
चरण 2: तुलना।
Block Design (क्षमता), Adjustment Inventory, IQ tests संरचित/उद्देश्यात्मक होते हैं—प्रक्षेपी नहीं।
निष्कर्ष: प्रक्षेपी प्रविधि = TAT।

स्टेप 1: वर्गीकरण.
पास-अलॉग और ब्लॉक-डिजाइन नॉन-वर्बल/परफॉर्मेंस टेस्ट हैं—इनमें वस्तुओं/ब्लॉकों से कार्य कराया जाता है।
स्टेप 2: तुलना.
बिने परीक्षण में शाब्दिक (verbal) मदें प्रमुख हैं।
स्टेप 3: निष्कर्ष.
अतः (a) और (b)—दोनों शाब्दिक नहीं हैं।

Step 1: Identify the developers. Starke R. Hathaway and J. C. McKinley created the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
Step 2: Note the test’s character. MMPI is an empirically keyed, objective inventory with {validity scales} (e.g., L, F, K) and {clinical scales} (e.g., Depression, Hysteria, Schizophrenia) used for assessment and diagnosis.
Step 3: Eliminate distractors. TAT is by Murray & Morgan; “RT” (reaction time) is not a personality inventory.
Step 4: Conclude.

Step 1: Identify the instrument. TAT (Murray & Morgan) is a projective test in which examinees create stories about pictures to reveal implicit motives and conflicts.
Step 2: State the standard composition. The complete set contains 30 picture cards + 1 blank card (used to elicit a story without a visual cue) total. Examiners choose age/sex-appropriate subsets, but the canonical full set is thirty-one.
Step 3: Conclude.

Step 1: Clarify the term. In psychology, {modelling} (observational learning) means acquiring a behaviour by watching a model and its consequences, rather than through direct reinforcement.
Step 2: Name the pioneer and core findings. Albert Bandura demonstrated modelling in his famous {Bobo doll} experiments (1961–63), showing that children imitate aggressive or prosocial acts, especially when models are rewarded ({vicarious reinforcement}). He formalised four processes—attention, retention, reproduction, motivation (ARRM).
Step 3: Eliminate distractors. Kantorovich was a mathematician (linear programming); Freud’s psychoanalysis centres on unconscious dynamics, not observational learning. Hence Bandura is the first and canonical name linked to the modelling technique.
Step 4: Conclude.