Indian Aesthetics And Iconography

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question is about the 'Rasa' theory from the Natyashastra. 'Rasa' is the aesthetic flavour or sentiment that an audience experiences. The question asks what causes or initiates the perception of this emotion.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
According to Bharata Muni's Rasa Sutra, the experience of Rasa is created by the combination of three elements:
- Vibhava (Determinant): The cause or stimulus for the emotion. It is the determinant that leads to the initial 'perception'. For example, seeing a lion in a play is the Vibhava for the emotion of fear.
- Anubhava (Consequent): The physical manifestations or effects of the emotion, such as wide eyes or trembling in fear.
- Vyabhichari/Sanchari Bhava (Transitory States): Fleeting emotions that support the main emotion, like anxiety or panic.
These three combine to bring forth the Sthayi Bhava (the dominant, latent emotion in a person) and transform it into Rasa. The Vibhava is the primary trigger for this entire process.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Vibhava is the element that leads to the 'perception' or is the cause of the emotion that culminates in Rasa.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the author of the treatise Dasharupaka, a significant work on Sanskrit dramaturgy and criticism.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The Dasharupaka is a 10th-century text that deals with the principles of dramatic composition ('natya' or 'rupaka'). It elaborates on the ten types of drama first mentioned in Bharata's Natyashastra. This important work of dramatic criticism was written by Dhananjaya, who was a scholar in the court of the Paramara king Munja.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The Dasharupaka is the work of Dhananjaya.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question requires matching key concepts from Indian aesthetic (Rasa) and dramatic theory with the specific number associated with them in classical texts.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- (A) Sanchari Bhava (or Vyabhichari Bhava): These are the transitory or fleeting emotions that support the main dominant emotion (Sthayi Bhava). Classical texts enumerate 33 of them. So, A matches with (I).
- (B) Nava-Rasa: This refers to the 'nine rasas' or aesthetic sentiments experienced by the audience. Originally, Bharata Muni listed eight, but later scholars added Shanta Rasa (peace) to make a total of 9. So, B matches with (II).
- (C) Abhinaya: This is the art of expression in drama and dance. It is classified into 4 types: Angika (body), Vachika (voice), Aharya (costume/makeup), and Sattvika (internal emotion). So, C matches with (III).
- (D) Sattvika Bhava: These are the eight involuntary physical manifestations of an internal emotional state. The classical texts list 8 of them (e.g., sweating, tears, trembling). So, D matches with (IV).
Step 3: Final Answer:
The correct matching is A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV.