Nitrogen Containing Functional Groups

Basicity is determined by the electron-donating or withdrawing effects of substituents on the aniline ring. Methoxy groups are electron-donating, so Compound B is the most basic. The nitro group is electron-withdrawing, making Compound A the least basic. Chlorine is weakly electron-withdrawing, so Compound D is less basic than Compound B, and Compound C is less basic than B but more basic than A.

LiOH is the weakest base among the alkali hydroxides due to the high lattice energy of lithium hydroxide, which makes it less basic compared to other alkali hydroxides.