Irrigation And Drainage Engineering

Drip irrigation, also known as micro-irrigation, was developed in Israel to optimize water usage in agriculture. It delivers water directly to the roots of plants in a controlled manner, reducing wastage and improving efficiency

The efficiency of water storage is defined as:

It reflects the effectiveness of irrigation in replenishing the soil moisture deficit.

Capillary water is the moisture retained in the pore spaces of soil due to surface tension. It is held against gravitational forces and is available for plant use, making it crucial for agricultural productivity.

Gypsum (calcium sulfate) is added to irrigation water or soil to counteract the effects of high sodium levels. It replaces sodium ions in the soil with calcium ions, improving soil structure and permeability for water movement