Human Health And Disease

Hybridoma is a hybrid cell obtaining by fusing a B-lymphocyte with usually a tumour cell of the antibody forming system called myelomas. Specific hybridomas are either cultured in vitro or passaged through mouse peritoneal cavity to obtain monoclonal antibodies.

Serum globulins are proteins that include gamma globulins (antibodies) and a variety of enzymes and carrier/ transport proteins.
The specific profile of the globulins is determined by protein electrophoresis (SPEP), which separates the proteins according to size and charge. There are four major groups that can be identified : alpha-1 globulins, alpha-2 globulins, beta globulins and gamma globulins. Once the abnormal group has been identified, further studies can determine the specific protein excess or deficit. Since the gamma fraction usually makes up the largest portion of the globulins, therefore antibody deficiency is mainly related with the low level of serum globulins.

Autoimmune diseases are certain unrelated disorders caused by inflammation and destruction of tissues by the body?s own immune response. These disorders include acquired haemolytic anaemia, pernicious anaemia, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, Sjogren?s syndrome, and several forms of thyroid dysfunction, including Hashimoto?s disease. Insomnia is inability to fall asleep which may be associated with physical disease, particularly if there are painful symptoms, and depression but is more often caused by worry.

The correct answer is B:Typhoid
Widal test is used to confirm the diagnosis of typhoid, it is caused by Salmonella bacteria. It detects the presence of antibodies in the blood in response to the bacteria. This is done with the help of blood and antibodies to the bacteria are prepared. Agglutination is observed. But there can be false positive and false negative results.

Passive immunity is defined as immunity achieved through the sera of other animals enriched in antibodies. It is resistance, based on antibodies preformed in another host. Administration of antibody against diphtheria, tetanus, botulism etc. makes large amounts of antitoxin immediately available to neutralize the toxins. The main advantage of this is the prompt availibility of large amount of antibody. E.g., tetanus, rabies, hepatitis etc.

AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. This severe viral disease is caused by retrovirus - HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus). Which is enclosed by a single stranded RNA.