Circulatory System

Step 1: Understanding Blood Pressure.
Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, particularly the arteries. It is essential for the proper circulation of blood throughout the body and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
Step 2: Measurement.
Blood pressure is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is recorded as two values: systolic pressure (when the heart beats) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).
Step 3: Conclusion.
Blood pressure is the force of blood against vessel walls, vital for blood circulation and organ function.
ii. Give the name of the instrument which is used to measure the blood pressure.
Solution:
Step 1: Understanding the Instrument.
The instrument used to measure blood pressure is called a Sphygmomanometer. It consists of an inflatable cuff, a pressure gauge, and a stethoscope.
Step 2: Conclusion.
The sphygmomanometer is the standard tool used to measure both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
iii. Differentiate between an artery and a vein with reference to lumen and thickness of the wall.
Solution:
Step 1: Arteries vs. Veins.
- Arteries: - Have a narrow lumen. - The walls are thicker and contain more smooth muscle and elastic tissue to withstand high pressure from the heart's pumping action. - Arteries carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery).
- Veins: - Have a wider lumen. - The walls are thinner with less muscle and elastic tissue because the blood pressure is lower. - Veins carry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary vein).
Step 2: Conclusion.
Arteries have thicker walls and a smaller lumen to handle high-pressure blood flow, while veins have thinner walls and a larger lumen as they carry blood at lower pressure.