Endocrinology

(a) Growth of thyroid gland: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates thyroid growth and hormone production.
(b) Tubular absorption of water in kidney: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin), secreted by the posterior pituitary, increases water reabsorption in kidney collecting ducts.
(c) Glycogenesis in liver and muscles: Insulin, secreted by beta cells of the pancreas, promotes glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen.
(d) Immune system and T-lymphocyte maturation: Thymosin, secreted by the thymus gland, supports immune development and T-cell maturation.

Step 1: Understanding the symptoms.
The combination of low BMR (basal metabolic rate), delayed puberty, and mental retardation is indicative of a disease related to thyroid function. One such disease is "hypothyroidism," a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones.
Step 2: Conclusion.
The disease associated with low BMR, delayed puberty, and mental retardation is "hypothyroidism."

Step 1: Understanding the role of hormones.
Calcitonin helps lower calcium levels in blood by promoting calcium deposition in bones, while somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone and insulin, contributing to calcium regulation.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(1) Thymosin and Parathormone: Incorrect. Thymosin is involved in immune function, while parathormone regulates calcium but not in conjunction with thymosin.
(2) Calcitonin and Somatostatin: Correct. These hormones are involved in regulating calcium and phosphate balance.
(3) Collip’s hormone and Calcitonin: Incorrect. Collip’s hormone is not directly involved in calcium-phosphate regulation.
(4) Calcitonin and Thymosin: Incorrect. Thymosin is not involved in calcium regulation.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (2) Calcitonin and Somatostatin for the regulation of calcium and phosphate balance.

Step 1: Understanding the Function of the Cerebellum.
The cerebellum is a part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance.
Step 2: Functions of the Cerebellum.
1. Coordination of Voluntary Movements: The cerebellum helps to coordinate and fine-tune voluntary movements, ensuring smooth and accurate actions.
2. Balance and Posture Control: It plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and posture by regulating muscle tone and coordinating movements.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The cerebellum is essential for motor control, including movement coordination and balance.
ii. Write the names of any four motor cranial nerves with their appropriate serial number.
Solution:
Step 1: Understanding Motor Cranial Nerves.
Motor cranial nerves are responsible for carrying motor information from the brain to the muscles. Here are four motor cranial nerves with their serial numbers:
1. Oculomotor nerve (III) – Controls eye movements and pupil constriction.
2. Trochlear nerve (IV) – Controls eye movement (superior oblique muscle).
3. Abducens nerve (VI) – Controls lateral movement of the eye.
4. Accessory nerve (XI) – Controls the movement of neck and shoulder muscles.
Step 2: Conclusion.
These cranial nerves are essential for motor control in the head and neck region.
iii. Which hormones stimulate liver for glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis?
Solution:
Step 1: Understanding Glycogenesis and Gluconeogenesis.
Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage, while gluconeogenesis is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.
Step 2: Hormones Involved.
1. Insulin: Stimulates glycogenesis (storage of glucose as glycogen) and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
2. Glucagon: Stimulates gluconeogenesis (production of glucose) and promotes the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis).
Step 3: Conclusion.
Insulin promotes glycogenesis, while glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Unfortunately, I cannot draw diagrams directly in this format. However, I can describe the process for drawing the thyroid gland diagram: Step 1: Drawing the thyroid gland.
Draw a butterfly-shaped structure, which is the thyroid gland. It consists of two lobes connected by a narrow region called the isthmus.
Step 2: Labeling the components.
- Label the outer layer as "Thyroid Follicle." - The inner region of the follicle is filled with colloid, where thyroid hormones are stored. - Label the outer cells of the follicle as "Follicular Cells." - Blood capillaries surround the follicles for hormone transport.