Eco System

During ecosystem development from a young to mature stages, the community respiration increases but the (ie, Production/Respiration) ratio remains more than in the sera stages. The huge living biomass respires a lot in the climax stage and the ratio equals (ie, ). Thus, in the early stages, and in the climax stage .

Biogeochemical cycle or nutrient cycle is a pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.

Professor Ramdeo Misra is regarded as Father of Indian Ecology. The first viable centre of ecology was established by this eminent ecologist at department of botany, BHU. He also established a school of ecology sagar (MP).

If microbes are removed from a forest ecosystem, nitrogen-fixation and decomposition of organic matter will be high affected. There are many nitrogen-fixing microbes involved in biological nitrogen-fixation.
Bacteria and fungi secrete enzymes to degrade organic matter into simpler inorganic substances.