Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

Typical dicotyledonous embryo consists of radicle, embryonal axis and cotyledons.

Angiospermous ovule contains embryo sac, the female gametophyte. The ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called funicle. The body of ovule fuses with the funicle in the region called hilum. Thus hilum represents the junction between ovule and funicle. In seeds, hilum is visible as a scar

The albuminous seeds retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development, e. g., wheat, maize barley, etc., However, in some seeds such as black pepper and beet, remnants of nucellus are also persistent.
This residual persistent nucellus is called perisperm.

In chalazogamy process, pollen tube penetrate chalazal region or funicle and enters in ovule. This process is found in Casuarina.