Globalisation

Post-1991 reforms deepened India’s integration: FDI, exports and services offshoring surged; technology diffusion, consumer choice and global value-chain links expanded. Sectors like IT/ITeS, pharma and automobiles gained scale; cities became hubs for innovation and start-ups; remittances strengthened external balances. Yet challenges persist—jobless or informal growth in manufacturing, widening inequality and regional gaps, exposure to external shocks (financial crises, pandemics), import competition affecting small producers and farmers, cultural homogenisation and environmental strain. Policy responses include logistics/energy upgrades, skills and labour reforms, resilient supply chains, targeted social protection, and calibrated trade/technology strategies under “Make in India” and “Atmanirbhar Bharat” without retreating from beneficial openness (≈140 words).

Step 1: Match concepts. Globalisation emphasizes free trade, open markets, mobility of capital/technology, and integration—tenets rooted in economic liberalism.
Step 2: Eliminate alternatives. Socialism and communism prioritize state control/collective ownership; anarchism rejects state structures—none underpin contemporary globalisation.
Step 3: Conclude.