International Organisations In A Unipolar World

शंघाई सहयोग संगठन (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation - SCO) एक यूरेशियन राजनीतिक, आर्थिक और सुरक्षा संगठन है। इसके दो प्रमुख उद्देश्य निम्नलिखित हैं:

1. क्षेत्रीय सुरक्षा और स्थिरता को बढ़ावा देना: SCO का एक मुख्य उद्देश्य सदस्य देशों के बीच आपसी विश्वास और मैत्री को मजबूत करना है। यह आतंकवाद, अलगाववाद और उग्रवाद (तीन बुराइयों) के खिलाफ संयुक्त रूप से लड़ने के लिए प्रतिबद्ध है। इसके लिए 'क्षेत्रीय आतंकवाद-रोधी संरचना' (RATS) नामक एक स्थायी अंग भी है।
2. आर्थिक और सांस्कृतिक सहयोग को प्रोत्साहित करना: संगठन व्यापार, अर्थव्यवस्था, विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी, संस्कृति, शिक्षा, ऊर्जा, परिवहन, और पर्यटन जैसे क्षेत्रों में प्रभावी सहयोग को बढ़ावा देना चाहता है। इसका लक्ष्य एक व्यापक क्षेत्रीय आर्थिक सहयोग का निर्माण करना है।

क्षेत्रीय संगठन एक ऐसा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन होता है जिसके सदस्य एक विशेष भौगोलिक क्षेत्र के देश होते हैं। ये संगठन अपने सदस्य देशों के बीच राजनीतिक, आर्थिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक या सैन्य सहयोग को बढ़ावा देने के उद्देश्य से बनाए जाते हैं। ये संगठन अपने क्षेत्र की विशिष्ट चुनौतियों और अवसरों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हैं और साझा हितों को आगे बढ़ाने के लिए एक मंच के रूप में कार्य करते हैं। उदाहरण:

• यूरोपीय संघ (EU): यूरोप में एक राजनीतिक और आर्थिक संघ।
• आसियान (ASEAN): दक्षिण-पूर्व एशियाई देशों का एक संगठन।
• सार्क (SAARC): दक्षिण एशियाई देशों का एक संगठन।
• अफ्रीकी संघ (AU): अफ्रीका के देशों का एक संगठन।

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks to identify which country from the options is not a member of the G20 (Group of Twenty).
Step 2: Key Concept:
The G20 is a premier international forum for economic cooperation. It comprises 19 countries and two regional unions.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The members of the G20 are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States, along with the European Union and the African Union (which joined in 2023).
From the given options:
- Indonesia, Canada, and China are all members of the G20.
- Bangladesh is not a member of the G20. However, India, as the G20 President in 2023, invited Bangladesh as a guest country to participate in the summit.
Step 4: Final Answer
Bangladesh is not a member of the G-20.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks to identify the organ of the United Nations that is often referred to as the 'Police of the World'.
Step 2: Key Concept:
This informal title refers to the UN body that has the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is given this title because it is the most powerful organ of the UN. Its key responsibilities include:
- Maintaining international peace and security.
- Taking enforcement measures, such as imposing sanctions or authorizing the use of military force, to address threats to peace.
- Establishing peacekeeping operations.
Because it has the power to make binding decisions and authorize enforcement actions, it acts like an international policeman.
- The General Assembly is the main deliberative body.
- The Secretariat is the administrative arm.
- The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ.
Step 4: Final Answer
The Security Council is often called the 'Police of the World' due to its role in maintaining global peace and security.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks to identify the parent organization of which the International Labour Organisation (ILO) is a specialized agency.
Step 2: Key Concept:
The United Nations (UN) system is made up of the main UN organs as well as a large number of specialized agencies, funds, and programmes. These specialized agencies are autonomous international organizations that work with the UN.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) was originally founded in 1919 under the League of Nations.
In 1946, it became the first specialized agency of the newly formed United Nations Organisation (UNO).
The ILO is devoted to promoting social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights, pursuing its founding mission that labour peace is essential to prosperity.
SAARC, European Union, and ASEAN are regional organizations and are not the parent body of the ILO.
Step 4: Final Answer
The ILO is a specialized agency of the United Nations Organisation.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the year of establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Step 2: Key Concept:
The IAEA is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The idea for the IAEA was proposed by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his "Atoms for Peace" address to the UN General Assembly in 1953.
The statute of the IAEA was approved on October 23, 1956, by a conference at the UN headquarters.
The agency officially came into existence on 29 July 1957.
Although it is an independent organization, it reports to both the UN General Assembly and the Security Council. Its headquarters are in Vienna, Austria.
Step 4: Final Answer
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established in 1957.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the location of the headquarters of UNESCO.
Step 2: Key Concept:
UNESCO stands for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences, and culture.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The headquarters of UNESCO is located in Paris, France. It was established on 16 November 1945.
- New York is the headquarters of the United Nations (UN).
- Geneva hosts the headquarters of many international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO).
- Vienna is the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Step 4: Final Answer
The headquarters of UNESCO is in Paris, France.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the location of the headquarters of the UN General Assembly.
Step 2: Key Concept:
The General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. The main headquarters of the UN houses most of its principal organs.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York City, USA.
The UN Headquarters complex houses the principal organs of the UN, including the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the Secretariat.
Therefore, the headquarters of the UN General Assembly is in New York.
While some major UN agencies are located in other cities (like Geneva, Switzerland, or Paris, France), the main political body, the General Assembly, meets in New York.
Step 4: Final Answer
The headquarters of the United Nations General Assembly is situated in New York.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the year of establishment of the United Nations (UN).
Step 2: Key Concept:
The United Nations was created after the failure of the League of Nations to prevent the Second World War. Its founding goal was to maintain international peace and security.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 after the end of World War II.
The UN Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco by 50 countries.
The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories. October 24th is celebrated as United Nations Day.
Step 4: Final Answer
The United Nations Organisation was established in 1945.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the length of the term of office for the UN Secretary-General.
Step 2: Key Concept:
The Secretary-General is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations. They are appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The term of office for the Secretary-General of the United Nations is five years.
The term is also renewable. By convention, the Secretary-General is eligible for a second five-year term, and many have served two full terms.
Step 4: Final Answer
The tenure of the Secretary-General of the United Nations is 5 years.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the primary, or main, objective behind the creation of the United Nations.
Step 2: Key Concept:
The UN was founded in 1945, immediately after the end of World War II. Its creation was a direct response to the devastation of the war.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
According to Article 1 of the UN Charter, the primary purpose of the United Nations is "To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace...".
While the other options like strengthening economic situations (done by bodies like the World Bank/IMF), working for climate change (UNFCCC), and working for children's education (UNICEF) are all important functions and objectives of the UN and its specialized agencies, the core, overarching reason for its establishment was to prevent future global conflicts and maintain world peace and security.
Step 4: Final Answer
The main objective of the establishment of the United Nations is to maintain world peace and security.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks to identify the most recent country to be admitted as a member of the United Nations.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The membership of the UN has expanded over the decades. The most recent admission occurred in 2011.
The Republic of South Sudan was admitted to the United Nations on 14 July 2011, following its declaration of independence from Sudan.
It became the 193rd member state of the UN.
Step 3: Final Answer
The newest member country of the United Nations Organisation is South Sudan.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the term of office for the non-permanent (temporary) members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
Step 2: Key Concept:
The UNSC is composed of 15 members: 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US) and 10 non-permanent members elected for a specific term.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The 10 non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected by the UN General Assembly for a term of two years.
A member is not eligible for immediate re-election after its two-year term is complete. The election is based on a regional distribution pattern.
Step 4: Final Answer
The tenure of the temporary members of the Security Council is two years.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the current number of member states in the United Nations (UN).
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The United Nations is the world's largest intergovernmental organization. Its membership has grown from the original 51 members in 1945.
As of the present day, the United Nations comprises 193 Member States.
The most recent country to join the UN was South Sudan, which was admitted on 14 July 2011.
Step 3: Final Answer
There are currently 193 member countries in the United Nations Organisation.

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the number of non-permanent (or elected) members in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
Step 2: Key Concept:
The UNSC is one of the six principal organs of the UN and is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Its composition is fixed by the UN Charter.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The United Nations Security Council is composed of a total of 15 members:
- 5 Permanent Members (P5): These are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They have the power of veto.
- 10 Non-Permanent Members: These members are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years.
The question asks for the number of non-permanent members, which is 10. Option (C) 15 represents the total number of members in the council.
Step 4: Final Answer
The number of non-permanent members of the Security Council is 10.

Step 1: Event commemorated. UN Day marks the entry into force of the UN Charter on 24 October 1945.

Step 2: Evaluate alternatives. September/November dates do not correspond to the Charter’s effective date. ``None'' is false because (B) fits exactly.

Step 3: Conclude.

Step 1: Fact recall. The 18\textsuperscript{th} G20 Leaders' Summit was held in New Delhi, India (September 2023).

Step 2: Distractors. Indonesia was the 2022 host (Bali). The African Union is an organization, not a country. ``None'' is incorrect because India is correct.

Step 3: Conclude.