Indian Economy

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the establishment year of NITI Aayog.
Step 2: Key Concept:
NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) is the premier policy 'Think Tank' of the Government of India. It was established to replace the 65-year-old Planning Commission.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The Government of India, through a resolution of the Union Cabinet, established NITI Aayog on January 1, 2015.
This move was aimed at fostering cooperative federalism and moving away from the centralized planning approach of the Planning Commission to a more collaborative, 'bottom-up' approach.
Step 4: Final Answer
NITI Aayog was established in 2015.

Founded in 1945, the UN’s core strengths are universality and norm-setting: it shepherded decolonisation, human-rights covenants, refugee and maritime regimes, and today’s SDGs. Peacekeeping—though not war-winning—has contained conflicts at low cost, while agencies like WHO, UNICEF and WFP deliver vital public goods. Yet effectiveness is uneven. The Security Council veto produces paralysis and selectivity; peace operations often lack robust mandates, intelligence and exit strategies; budgets rely on a few donors; institutional reform of the Council, ECOSOC and development system is slow. Enforcement against aggressors is contingent on great-power politics. A credible reform agenda requires Council expansion, predictable financing, stronger prevention/mediation, and updated capacities for cyber, climate and pandemics—while preserving the UN’s impartial convening role (≈135 words).

Rooted in Panchsheel and non-alignment, policy now practices multi-alignment: deepening ties with the US, Russia, EU, Japan and West Asia while managing differences with China. Priorities include Neighbourhood First, Act East/Indo-Pacific engagement, energy and food security, counter-terrorism, maritime domain awareness and resilient supply chains. India champions development partnerships (credit lines, capacity-building), diaspora outreach, and technology/space cooperation. Multilaterally, it supports UN reform, climate justice (CBDR, renewable initiatives), and a rules-based order; nuclear doctrine stresses credible minimum deterrence and No First Use. Economic diplomacy seeks trade facilitation and investment while protecting sensitive sectors. The approach blends values with interests to secure prosperity, sovereignty and a stable regional balance (≈138 words).

Constitutionally capped at 250 (present 245), 233 members are elected by State/UT Assemblies through proportional representation (STV), and 12 are nominated by the President from literature, science, art and social service. It is not subject to dissolution; one-third retire every two years; minimum age is 30. Functions: participates equally in ordinary legislation; can initiate impeachment of the President and remove the Vice-President (special resolution first in RS); considers Constitutional Amendments; and, unlike the Lok Sabha, cannot originate/defeat a Money Bill but may suggest changes within 14 days. Special powers: by a two-thirds resolution, it can authorise Parliament to legislate on a State List subject (Art. 249) and create All-India Services (Art. 312). It acts as a reviewing chamber safeguarding federal balance (≈139 words).