Human Migration

The factors influencing migration are broadly categorized into push and pull factors. In this case, we are asked to identify the push factors, which are the conditions that drive people to leave their rural areas for urban centers. - Unemployment: The lack of job opportunities in rural areas often pushes people to migrate to urban centers where jobs are more accessible. This is a clear push factor.
- Job opportunities: Job opportunities are considered a pull factor, not a push factor. Urban areas typically offer more jobs, which attracts people to migrate, rather than driving them away.
- Economic backwardness: Rural areas with poor economic conditions often push people to migrate to urban areas where better economic opportunities exist.
- Lack of medical facilities: Insufficient medical care in rural areas forces people to move to urban areas for better healthcare options. This is another push factor. Thus, the correct option is (D), where I, III, and IV are correct push factors, while II (Job opportunities) is a pull factor.