Electoral System

The correct option is(A): A, B, and D only

Step 1: Understanding the Single-Transferable Vote (STV) system.
The Single Transferable Vote (STV) system is a preferential voting system used to elect multiple representatives from multi-member constituencies. The system is designed to produce proportional representation.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- (A) The single-transferable vote system was first proposed by Thomas Hare: This is correct. Thomas Hare, a British political reformer, is credited with proposing the STV system.
- (B) It is widely used in the Republic of Ireland: This is correct. The Republic of Ireland uses the STV system for elections to its lower house of parliament, the Dáil Éireann.
- (C) In the States with multi-member constituencies, the representatives are elected from each constituency: This is also correct. The STV system is used in multi-member constituencies where voters elect more than one representative.
- (D) The voters get to cast multiple votes: This is correct. Voters rank candidates in order of preference, and their votes can be transferred between candidates based on their preferences.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (3) A, B, C and D, as all the statements about the STV system are correct.

Step 1: Understanding Australia's voting system.
Australia uses the alternative voting method (also known as preferential voting) for elections to the House of Representatives. Voters rank candidates in order of preference, and if no candidate receives an absolute majority, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and their votes are redistributed based on preferences, until a winner emerges.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- (1) Alternative voting method: This is correct. Australia uses preferential voting in the House of Representatives elections.
- (2) Hare system: The Hare system is a proportional representation system used in some elections but not in Australia’s House of Representatives.
- (3) Condorcet method: This is a voting system used for ranked voting but not used in Australia’s House of Representatives elections.
- (4) Second ballot system: This is used in some elections but not in Australia for the House of Representatives.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (1) Alternative voting method.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
During the debates of the Constituent Assembly, the scope of judicial power and the principle of 'Judicial Review' vs. 'Legislative Supremacy' were intensely discussed.
The framers sought to create an independent judiciary while ensuring it did not overstep into the domain of policy-making.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The statement was made by Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar (A.K. Ayyar), a prominent jurist and member of the Drafting Committee.
He argued that while judicial independence is vital, it should not be treated as an absolute 'dogma' that allows the court to act as a "Super Legislature".
He believed that the power of the courts should be limited to interpreting the law and ensuring its constitutionality, rather than substituting its own wisdom for that of the elected representatives in the legislature.
This reflected the concern that an overly activist judiciary might hinder the social and economic reforms planned by the newly independent state.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar (A.K. Ayyar) made this specific observation in the Constituent Assembly.