Indian Freedom Movement

Step 1: Understanding Savarkar's Contributions.
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was a prominent freedom fighter and intellectual who founded the organization called Mitra Mela in 1899. The organization's aim was to spread nationalist and revolutionary ideas among the youth in British-occupied India.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- (1) Mitra Mela: This is the correct answer. Mitra Mela was a secret society founded by Savarkar in 1899.
- (2) Shatru Mela: This is not the correct organization founded by Savarkar.
- (3) Aaptamitra Mela: This is not associated with Savarkar.
- (4) Anushilan Samiti: This was a revolutionary organization, but it was not founded by Savarkar; it was founded by others in Bengal.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (1) Mitra Mela.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
PIL (Public Interest Litigation) is a legal mechanism where any member of the public can file a case in court on behalf of a person or group who cannot approach the court themselves.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The era of PIL in India began with the case of Hussainara Khatoon Vs State of Bihar (1979).
Advocate Kapila Hingorani filed a petition based on a news report about thousands of prisoners in Bihar jails awaiting trial for years, sometimes longer than the maximum sentence they would have received if convicted.
The Supreme Court, led by Justice P.N. Bhagwati, accepted the petition even though it wasn't filed by the victims themselves.
This case led to the release of over 40,000 under-trials and established the "Right to a Speedy Trial" as an integral part of Article 21.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Hussainara Khatoon (1979) is recognized as the first reported PIL case in India.