International Organisations In A Unipolar World

Step 1: Theories of International Relations.
John Mearsheimer, a leading theorist in the field of international relations, argues that the anarchic self-help system is a key factor driving states to maximize their relative power to ensure their survival. This is central to his theory of offensive realism.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- (1) Hans J. Morgenthau: While Morgenthau is a realist, his focus is more on the balance of power and human nature rather than the anarchy of the international system driving state behavior.
- (2) John Mearsheimer: Mearsheimer's offensive realism posits that anarchy forces states to constantly seek power to survive.
- (3) Kenneth Waltz: Waltz, a key figure in neorealism, emphasizes the structure of the international system, but does not focus on the aggressive pursuit of power as Mearsheimer does.
- (4) Marysia Zalewski: Zalewski is known for her work on gender and international relations, but not specifically on the anarchic self-help system.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (2) John Mearsheimer, as he emphasizes the role of anarchy in driving states to maximize their relative power positions.

Step 1: Understanding the events and their respective years.
- (A) Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb attacks: These attacks occurred in 1945 during World War II.
- (B) Formation of WTO: The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
- (C) Soviet Invasion of Hungary: This event occurred in 1956, when the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to suppress a revolution.
- (D) Collapse of the Soviet Union: The Soviet Union officially collapsed in 1991, marking the end of the Cold War.
Step 2: Matching the events with the correct years.
- A - III: Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb attacks occurred in 1945.
- B - IV: Formation of WTO occurred in 1995.
- C - II: Soviet Invasion of Hungary took place in 1956.
- D - I: Collapse of the Soviet Union happened in 1991.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct matching is (2) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I.

Step 1: Understanding the Open Door Policy.
- The "Open Door Policy" was a term used primarily by the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all nations in China, and maintaining China's territorial integrity. This policy was articulated by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.
Step 2: Analysis of Options.
- (A) China: China did not adopt an "Open Door" policy. It was subject to the policy imposed by the USA and other countries.
- (B) EU: The European Union did not adopt the "Open Door" policy.
- (C) Japan: Japan did not adopt the "Open Door" policy either.
- (D) USA: Correct. The "Open Door" policy was adopted by the United States to ensure open access to trade in China.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct answer is (D) USA.

Step 1: Understanding UNESCO.
- The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Its main objective is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among nations in the fields of education, science, and culture.
Step 2: Correct location.
- UNESCO's headquarters is located in Paris, France, and is known for its role in promoting international cooperation in various fields.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (B) Paris.

Step 1: Understanding the role of the WTO.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the global international organization that sets the rules for international trade. It governs the rules of trade between nations, aiming to ensure that trade flows smoothly, predictably, and freely.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- (1) WTO: This is the correct answer. The WTO is responsible for setting the rules for global trade.
- (2) World Bank: The World Bank provides financial assistance for development projects but does not set rules for global trade.
- (3) WHO: The World Health Organization focuses on global health issues, not global trade.
- (4) UNICEF: UNICEF is concerned with children's rights and welfare, not global trade rules.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (1) WTO.

Step 1: Understanding the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established in 1994 to enhance security cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. It is a multilateral forum for dialogue on political and security issues in Asia.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- (1) 1994: This is the correct answer. The ARF was established in 1994.
- (2) 1992: This is incorrect, as the ARF was founded later, in 1994.
- (3) 1996: This is incorrect, as the ARF was established in 1994, not 1996.
- (4) 1998: This is also incorrect.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (1) 1994.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The Constitution outlines the relationship between the President, the Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers to define the parliamentary form of government.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- Article 75(1) clearly provides the mechanism for the appointment of the Union Executive. It states that the Prime Minister is appointed by the President and other ministers are appointed by the President based specifically on the PM's advice.
- Article 74 mentions that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President.
- Article 76 establishes the office of the Attorney-General for India.
- Article 73 defines the extent of the executive power of the Union.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Article 75 contains the specific provision mentioned in the question.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The composition of the Union Legislature (Parliament) is explicitly defined in the Indian Constitution under Article 79.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
According to Article 79: "There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall consist of the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha)".
It is important to note that while the President is not a member of either House, they are an integral part of the Parliament.
This is because a Bill cannot become an Act (law) unless it is passed by both Houses and receives the Presidential Assent.
Additionally, the President has the power to summon and prorogue the Houses and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha.