Judiciary

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The Constitution distributes powers between the legislature and the executive regarding the judiciary. Certain structural changes require an Act of Parliament ("by law").
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Let's evaluate each statement under the phrase "Parliament may by law":
- A is Correct: Article 230 allows Parliament to extend or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court to any Union Territory.
- B is Correct: Article 231 empowers Parliament to establish a common High Court for two or more States.
- C is Correct: Article 241 allows Parliament to constitute a High Court for a Union Territory.
- D is Correct: Article 323A empowers Parliament to provide for the establishment of administrative tribunals by law.
- E is Incorrect: Judges of the High Courts are appointed by the President (Article 217), not "by law" by the Parliament. Appointment is an executive function, not a legislative one.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Statements A, B, C, and D describe powers exercised by Parliament through law-making. E is an executive power of the President.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Judicial review is the power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- Assertion (A): In cases like \textit{Kesavananda Bharati} and \textit{Minerva Mills}, the Supreme Court held that judicial review is an essential feature of the Constitution that cannot be taken away even by a constitutional amendment. Thus, it is part of the "Basic Structure".
- Reason (R): The primary purpose of judicial review is to maintain the supremacy of the Constitution, protect the fundamental rights of citizens, and maintain the check-and-balance system.
- Relationship: Judicial review is considered "Basic Structure" precisely \textit{because} it is the only mechanism that ensures the independence of the judiciary and prevents the legislature from encroaching upon the rights of the people. Without it, the Constitution would be at the mercy of the majority in Parliament.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Both A and R are correct, and R explains why judicial review is fundamentally indispensable to our constitutional scheme.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Supervisory jurisdiction refers to the power of a higher court to keep a watch over the functioning of subordinate courts and tribunals to ensure they act within their legal bounds.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- Assertion (A): The power of superintendence is broad. It is not limited to just judicial interference (quashing orders) but also extends to administrative control (making rules for practice, prescribing forms, etc.). Thus, it is both judicial and administrative.
- Reason (R): Article 227(1) explicitly grants every High Court the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.
- Relationship: The reason provides the constitutional source (Article 227) which defines the scope of the power. Since Article 227 encompasses both the power to correct legal errors (judicial) and regulate the conduct of business (administrative), R is the direct explanation for why A is true.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Both statements are correct, and the reason provided explains the nature of the assertion.