Human Rights In India

Step 1: Understanding the CEDAW.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979. It is often described as an international bill of rights for women. It aims to end discrimination against women and ensure their equality in all aspects of life.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- (1) 1965: This is incorrect. The CEDAW was adopted later.
- (2) 1966: This is incorrect. The CEDAW was adopted in 1979.
- (3) 1979: This is correct. The CEDAW was adopted in this year.
- (4) 1984: This is incorrect. The CEDAW was adopted earlier, in 1979.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (3) 1979.

Step 1: Understanding Amnesty International’s Role.
Amnesty International is a global movement that works to protect and promote human rights. It campaigns for individuals who are facing injustice or abuse, with a focus on human rights, rather than specific groups like infants, senior citizens, or the environment.
Step 2: Analysis of options.
- (1) Infants: Amnesty does not specifically focus only on infants.
- (2) Senior Citizens: Amnesty advocates for human rights, but not solely for senior citizens.
- (3) Environment: While Amnesty supports some environmental rights, it is primarily focused on human rights.
- (4) Human Rights: This is the correct answer. Amnesty International's primary focus is human rights protection worldwide.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (4) Human Rights.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Environmental challenges often clash with traditional democratic structures which focus on short-term electoral cycles and national sovereignty.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- Assertion A is Correct: Global environmental changes (like climate change) are slow-moving and transcend borders, whereas current democratic systems often prioritize immediate local concerns and 4-5 year election terms. This makes it difficult for existing systems to implement long-term, painful reforms.
- Reason R is Correct: To solve these issues, theorists propose "Environmental Citizenship," where individuals view their rights and duties through an ecological lens. This "thicker" conception of citizenship moves beyond mere voting to include sustainable daily behaviors.
- Relationship: While both statements are true in the context of political theory, Reason R is a proposed solution to the problem mentioned in A. It does not provide the underlying cause or explanation for why environmental change is a challenge to current democracies (the cause being institutional short-termism and national focus).
Step 3: Final Answer:
Both statements are correct independently, but R is a remedy rather than an explanation for A.