Reading Comprehension

Answer the question on the basis of passage given below:
There are three kinds of amines which are primary, secondary and tertiary amines. These amines may have alicyl group or aryl group or both alkyl and aryl groups. These amines can be distinguished from one another by various chemical tests.

Answer the question on the basis of passage given below:
Oxides formed by p-block elements are acidic, basic and neutral. Also, elements of p-block form different acids

The properties which depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to the total numbers of particles in the solution are called colligative properties. These are relative lowering of vapour pressure, of the solvent, depression of freezing point of the solvent, elevation of boiling point of the solvent and osmotic pressure of the solution. All of their particles help in calculating the observed molar mass of the solute. Determination of osmatic pressure is considered best for the determination of molecular mass of the solute.

Werner was the first to describe the bonding features in coordination compounds. But his theory could not answer basic questions like:
(i) Why only certain elements possess the remarkable property of forming coordination compounds?
(ii) Why the bonds in coordination compounds have directional properties ?
(iii) Why coordination compounds have characteristics magnetic and optical properties ?
Many approaches have been put forth to explain the nature of bonding in coordination compounds viz. Valence Bond Theory (VBT), Crystal Field Theory (CFT), Ligand Field Theory (LFT) and Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT). We shall focus our attention on elementary treatment of the application of VBT and CFT to coordination compounds.
According to this theory, the metal atom or ion under the influence of ligands can use its (n-1)d, ns np or ns, np, nd orbitals for hybridisation to yield a set of equivalent orbitals of definite geometry such as octahedial, tetrahedial, square planar and so on. These hybridised orbitals are allowed to overlap with ligand orbitals that can donate electron pairs for bonding.

The process of accumulation of molecular species at the surface of solid or liquid is called adsorption. It may be physisorption or chemisorption. Low temperature is favorable for physisorption. Amount of gas adsorbed by a solid depends upon nature of gas. Easily liquifiable gases are readily adsorbed. Catalyst increases the rate of reaction. Catalysis may be homogenous or heterogenous Enzymes are biological catalysts. They work at optimum pH and temperature. Solutions are of three types i.e. true solutions, colloids and suspensions. Depending on the interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium colloids may be Lyophilic and Lyophobic, Depending on type of particles there may multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids. Sol, gel, emulsions are also various types of colloids.

When two different halogens react with each other, interhalogen compounds are formed. They can be assigned general compositions as XX’, and , where X is a halogen of larger size and X of smaller size and X is more electropositive than X increases, the number of atoms per molecule also increases.
On the basis if above passage, answer the questions

In a colloidal state the particle size of the dispersed phase range between 10³ to 10⁶ pm and colloidal sol is heterogenous in nature. Based on the nature of interaction between the dispersed phase and dispersion medium colloidal sol are classified as lyophilic and lyophobic. Stability of sol is due to presence of charge on the sol particles and the neutralisation of the same is known as coagulation or precipitation. Based on this answer the following.

Certain Aldehydes, Retore and certain alcohol undergo iodoform test. Certain Aldehydes ketones undergo aldol condensation. While certain aldehydes undergo Cannizaro's reaction. Aldehydes responds to tollen reagent and fehling reagent test.