Rise Of Popular Movements

• The nationwide railway strike of 1974 is considered one of the largest industrial actions in India’s history.
• It was led by George Fernandes, who was the President of the All India Railwaymen’s Federation at that time.
• The strike involved around 17 lakh (1.7 million) railway workers and lasted for about 20 days.
• The major demands of the workers included better working conditions, pay parity with other public sector employees, and regulated hours of work.
• The strike brought the entire Indian Railways—the lifeline of the nation—to a standstill and was seen as a major challenge to the government led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
• The government responded with a heavy crackdown: mass arrests, dismissals, and suppression of protests, ultimately leading to the strike being called off without meeting the demands.
• This strike is historically significant as it reflected rising discontent among the working class and was one of the contributing factors to the declaration of the Emergency in 1975.

So, the correct answer is (C): George Fernandes.

• The demand for the creation of a separate Punjabi Suba (Punjabi-speaking state) began in the early years after India’s independence.
• Akali Dal, a prominent Sikh political party, spearheaded this movement.
• The party aimed to preserve and promote the Punjabi language and Sikh religious and cultural identity.
• The Akali Dal argued that Punjabi-speaking people deserved a separate state, just like other linguistic communities after the reorganization of states in India (based on language).
• The Congress party and other national parties like CPI opposed the idea initially, fearing it might lead to religious division and weaken national unity.
• Despite this opposition, the Akali Dal continued with peaceful protests, satyagrahas, and political mobilization.
• Finally, in 1966, the Indian government accepted the demand and reorganized the state of Punjab.
• This reorganization led to the creation of three separate entities: Punjab (Punjabi-speaking), Haryana (Hindi-speaking), and the transfer of some hilly areas to Himachal Pradesh.

So, the correct ans is (C): Akali Dal.

‘Ambedkar Jayanti’ is an annual celebration observed in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a key architect of the Indian Constitution and a champion for social justice and equality. This day is significant as it honors his contributions towards removing the caste-based discrimination and promoting the rights of marginalized communities.

The correct date for ‘Ambedkar Jayanti’ is April 14. This date marks the birth of Dr. Ambedkar in the year 1891. On this day, various events and activities such as seminars, discussions, and community services are organized across the country to reflect on his legacy and teachings.

Thus, the observation of 'Ambedkar Jayanti' on April 14 serves as a reminder of his enduring impact on Indian society and his pivotal role in advocating for equality and justice.