Microbes

Water potential ( ) of a system is the sum of solute potential ( ) and pressure potential ( ): In a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell, leading to plasmolysis, and the pressure potential becomes zero or negligible (as the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall).
At this point, the water potential of the cell is almost entirely determined by its solute potential, and hence: Thus, in a hypertonic solution where a cell is fully plasmolysed or approaching full plasmolysis, the pressure potential is negligible or zero, making water potential equal to solute potential.

- Lipases — remove oil stains in detergents.
- Pectinase — clarifies bottled fruit juices.
- Streptokinase — dissolves clots in blood vessels.
- Cyclosporin-A — prevents organ rejection after transplant.

- {Beggiatoa}: sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph.
- {Salmonella}: causes typhoid, is parasitic.
- {Rhodopseudomonas}: uses light and organic matter — photoheterotroph.
- {Bacillus}: decomposer — saprophyte.