Morphology

Louis Pasteur is widely recognized as the Father of Bacteriology due to his pioneering work in microbiology and his development of the germ theory of diseases.
He demonstrated that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation and spoilage and provided strong evidence that specific microbes cause specific diseases, laying the foundation for modern bacteriology and medical microbiology.
His experiments also debunked the theory of spontaneous generation and led to the development of sterilization techniques, vaccines, and pasteurization.
Incorrect options:
- Ehrenberg named bacteria but did not link them to diseases.
- Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microbes, but not viruses.
- Butler was notable in plant pathology, not human diseases.

A) Tribulus: Xerophytic annual adapted to dry weather.
B) Utricularia: Submerged aquatic plant, not rooted in mud.
C) Salvinia: Free-floating plant with no soil contact.
D) Casuarina: Woody perennial tolerant to drought.

The floral formula encodes floral characteristics using symbolic notation. Let's interpret each clue in the question:

• Ebracteolate (Ebrl): Indicates absence of bracts.
• United perianth (P): Instead of separate calyx and corolla, the perianth is undifferentiated and fused.
• Pentacarpellary syncarpous: Five fused carpels — written as G₍₅₎.
• Zygomorphic: Bilateral symmetry — represented by the symbol %.
• Superior ovary: Ovary is above the other floral parts — no underline under G.
• Bisexual: Flower has both male and female reproductive parts — denoted by ♂♀ (♂♀).

Among the options, only option (2) accurately includes all these features:

• Ebrl (no bract)
• (P) for united perianth
• G₍₅₎ for five fused carpels
• % for zygomorphy
• ♂♀ for bisexual flower