Travellers Of Medieval India

Step 1: Understand the regional tribes.
Different regions of India had distinct tribal communities during the medieval period. These tribes were closely associated with specific geographical areas.

Step 2: Analyze given matches.
Punjab is correctly matched with Lohani, and Mewar with Bhils. Now we need to identify the tribe associated with Assam.

Step 3: Identify tribe of Assam.
The Ahoms were a prominent tribal community in Assam. They established a powerful kingdom and ruled Assam for several centuries.

Step 4: Eliminate incorrect options.
• Gonds were mainly in Central India.
• Meenas were found in Rajasthan.
• Khasis were from the Meghalaya region.

Step 5: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct tribe for Assam is Ahoms.

Final Answer: Ahoms.

Step 1: Understanding the question.
The question asks for any one Harappan site located in present-day Haryana.

Step 2: Identification of site.
One well-known Harappan site in Haryana is Banawali.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, Banawali is a correct example of a Harappan site in Haryana.

Step 1: Understand the question.
The question asks to identify two important centres of the Indian National Movement marked on a political map of India. These places are usually associated with major historical events.

Step 2: Identify common centres.
Such map-based questions commonly refer to places linked with key movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, or Revolt of 1857.

Step 3: Likely identified locations.
The two major centres often asked are:
- Champaran (Bihar) – associated with the Champaran Satyagraha led by Mahatma Gandhi
- Dandi (Gujarat) – associated with the Salt March (Dandi March) led by Mahatma Gandhi

Step 4: Final identification.
Thus, the correct names of the marked places are:
A – Champaran
B – Dandi

Step 1: Understand the question.
The question asks to identify two important centres of the Indian National Movement marked on a political map of India. These places are usually associated with major historical events.

Step 2: Identify common centres.
Such map-based questions commonly refer to places linked with key movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, or Revolt of 1857.

Step 3: Likely identified locations.
The two major centres often asked are:
- Champaran (Bihar) – associated with the Champaran Satyagraha led by Mahatma Gandhi
- Dandi (Gujarat) – associated with the Salt March (Dandi March) led by Mahatma Gandhi

Step 4: Final identification.
Thus, the correct names of the marked places are:
A – Champaran
B – Dandi

Step 1: Understanding the historical context.
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate known for his administrative experiments and openness to foreign scholars and travelers.

Step 2: Identifying Ibn Battuta.
Ibn Battuta was a famous Moroccan traveler who visited India during the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. He stayed in India for several years and documented his experiences in his famous travel account.

Step 3: Role assigned by the Sultan.
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was impressed by Ibn Battuta and appointed him as the Qazi (judge) of Delhi. This position involved administering justice according to Islamic law.

Step 4: Analysis of other options.
(A) Al-Biruni — A scholar who lived much earlier during Mahmud of Ghazni's time.
(B) Mahmud Ali Balkhi — Not associated with this appointment.
(D) Sayyid Ali Reis — An Ottoman admiral and traveler, not related to Delhi Sultanate judiciary.

Step 5: Conclusion.
Thus, Ibn Battuta was appointed as the Qazi of Delhi by Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

Final Answer: Ibn Battuta.

Step 1: Identify the dynasties.
These dynasties belong to the Vijayanagara Empire, which had four main ruling dynasties over time.

Step 2: Arrange in chronological order.
The correct chronological sequence is:
• Sangama dynasty (founders of Vijayanagara Empire)
• Saluva dynasty
• Tuluva dynasty (Krishnadevaraya belonged to this)
• Aravidu dynasty

Step 3: Match with given options.
Thus, the correct order is:


Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
Final Answer: II, I, IV, III.

Step 1: Understanding the clues.
The question provides three key clues: location of hospice near Yamuna in Delhi, association with Amir Khusro, and the title Sultan-ul-Mashaikh. These are strong identifiers of a prominent Sufi saint.

Step 2: Role of Amir Khusro.
Amir Khusro was a famous poet, musician, and disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya. This clue directly points towards Nizamuddin Auliya among the given options.

Step 3: Title Sultan-ul-Mashaikh.
Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya was popularly known as Sultan-ul-Mashaikh, meaning “king among spiritual guides.” This title is specifically associated with him.

Step 4: Location verification.
His khanqah (hospice) was located near the Yamuna river in Delhi, which further confirms his identity.

Step 5: Conclusion.
Thus, all the given clues clearly match Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
Final Answer: Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.

Step 1: Identify each traveller.
To solve this, we need to recall the origin of famous medieval travellers who visited India or wrote about it.

Step 2: Analyze options.
• Peter Mundi: He was from England, not Spain. Hence incorrect.
• Antonio Monserrate: He was a Spanish Jesuit, not Portuguese. Hence incorrect.
• Abdal-Razzak: He was from Persia (Iran), not Morocco. Hence incorrect.
• Marco Polo: He was a famous traveller from Italy. Hence correct.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, the correctly matched pair is Marco Polo -- Italy.

Final Answer: Marco Polo -- Italy.

Step 1: Understanding Mughal agriculture.
During the Mughal period, agriculture was the backbone of the economy. Its development depended on natural resources and human labour rather than modern technology.

Step 2: Identify actual contributing factors.
There was abundance of cultivable land, and a large number of peasants were available to work on this land. Labour was also relatively cheap, which helped in expanding agricultural production.

Step 3: Analyse irrigation methods.
In Mughal India, irrigation was mainly done through wells, canals, tanks, and rivers. Modern irrigation techniques like tube-wells were not available during that period.

Step 4: Evaluate options.
(A) Correct factor — land was available in abundance.
(B) Correct factor — cheap labour supported agriculture.
(C) Correct factor — peasants were available.
(D) Incorrect factor — tube-wells are a modern development, not used in Mughal India.

Step 5: Conclusion.
Thus, the option that was not a major factor in Mughal agricultural development is availability of tube-wells.
Final Answer: Availability of tube-wells for irrigation.

Step 1: Understand the historical context.
The Santhals were settled by the British in the Rajmahal hills region (Damin-i-Koh) to expand cultivation and revenue. Their arrival had a major impact on the existing tribal population, especially the Paharias.

Step 2: Impact on Paharias.
The Santhals cleared forests and expanded agriculture, which gradually reduced the area available to the Paharias. As a result, the Paharias were pushed away from fertile lands.

Step 3: Analyze options.
• (A) Correct. The Paharias were displaced and forced to move into higher hills.
• (B) Incorrect. The Santhals did not assist Paharias; rather they replaced them in cultivated areas.
• (C) Incorrect. It was the Santhals who were settled in Damin-i-Koh, not the Paharias moving there.
• (D) Incorrect. There was no such collaboration; rather tensions existed.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, the correct effect was displacement of Paharias to upper hills.

Final Answer: The Paharias were displaced and moved to the upper hills.

Step 1: Rivalry for throne.
The main cause of conflict was the rivalry for the throne of Hastinapur. Both Kauravas and Pandavas were rightful heirs, leading to jealousy and power struggle.

Step 2: Jealousy and hatred of Duryodhana.
Duryodhana, the leader of the Kauravas, was extremely jealous of the Pandavas due to their popularity, strength, and support from people. This intensified the conflict.

Step 3: Game of dice (Dyut Sabha).
A major turning point was the game of dice, where Yudhishthira was tricked into losing his kingdom, wealth, brothers, and even Draupadi. This humiliation deepened hostility.

Step 4: Refusal to return kingdom.
After completing their exile, the Pandavas requested the return of their kingdom. However, Duryodhana refused even to give them a small portion of land, making war inevitable.

Step 5: Failure of peace efforts.
Lord Krishna attempted to mediate peace between both sides, but his efforts failed due to the stubbornness of the Kauravas, leading to the Mahabharata war.

Step 1: Training in warfare.
Hunting expeditions helped Mughal emperors and soldiers to develop military skills such as archery, horse riding, and use of weapons.

Step 2: Display of power and bravery.
It was also a way to demonstrate the strength, courage, and authority of the emperor over nature and his subjects.

Step 3: Administrative purpose.
During hunting trips, emperors travelled across their empire, allowing them to inspect administration and maintain control over distant regions.

Step 4: Recreation and leisure.
Hunting was also a form of entertainment and relaxation for Mughal rulers.

Step 5: Control of wild animals.
It helped in controlling dangerous animals that could harm people and crops.

Step 1: Strong defensive structure.
The city of Vijayanagara was surrounded by massive stone walls and strong fortifications, making it one of the most secure cities in medieval India.

Step 2: Multiple layers of protection.
There were multiple concentric fort walls with gates, watchtowers, and bastions, providing layered security against enemy attacks.

Step 3: Use of natural features.
Natural features like hills, rivers, and rocky terrain were strategically used to strengthen the defence system and make invasion difficult.

Step 4: Guarded gateways and roads.
The entrances were heavily guarded with strong gates and checkpoints. Roads inside the fort were well planned for movement of troops.

Step 5: Evidence from travellers.
Foreign travellers like Nicolo Conti and Domingo Paes described the fortifications as grand and nearly impregnable, highlighting its strength and planning.

Step 1: Rivers as transport routes.
Rivers acted as natural waterways, making it easier and cheaper to transport goods from inland regions to coastal ports.

Step 2: Connectivity with trade centres.
They connected production centres (like pepper-growing regions) with market towns and ports, facilitating smooth trade.

Step 3: Promotion of large-scale trade.
Due to easy transport, large quantities of goods such as spices, ivory, and textiles could be moved efficiently, boosting trade activities.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, rivers played a crucial role in promoting trade by acting as efficient and economical transport routes.