An Imperial Capital Vijayanagara

\begin{itemize} \item The Amara-Nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara Empire. \item Nayakas were military chiefs who were given control over territories (called amaram) and enjoyed considerable autonomy in administration. \item They collected taxes, maintained law and order, and even funded public works like temples and irrigation. \item Therefore, statement (2) is incorrect as it falsely claims they had no control over their territories. \end{itemize}

- Nicolo de Conti was from Italy. - Abdur Razzak was from Portugal. - Afanasii Nikitin was from Persia. - Domingo Paes was from Russia. The correct pairings are: (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)

Krishnadeva Raya’s ‘Amuktamalyada’ is a renowned Telugu literary work that discusses governance, statecraft, and ideal kingship.

The Patwari kept village records related to revenue and land ownership. They acted as accountants during the Mughal period.

Sadr-us-Sudur was actually the head of religious and charitable endowments, not an army commander.

Colin Mackenzie, the first Surveyor General of India, is credited with bringing the ruins of Hampi to light in the early 19th century. He began documenting the site in 1800, making vital epigraphic and architectural records. While later scholars like Alexander Greenlaw took photographs of the site, Mackenzie's surveys remain the foundational documentation of Hampi's significance.

Statements (A) and (C) are correct. Temples were not just religious centers but also played important economic and political roles. They served as hubs of wealth, education, and administration.

Chronological order: - Colin Mackenzie visited in early 19th century (first documentation). - Greenlaw photographed Hampi in 1856. - J.F. Fleet documented inscriptions. - John Marshall initiated conservation efforts in early 20th century. - Hampi was declared a UNESCO site in 1986.

The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya in 1336 CE. They established the empire as a Hindu kingdom to resist the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate in southern India. The Vijayanagara Empire became a major political and cultural power in the region, known for its vibrant administration and significant achievements in art, architecture, and agriculture.

The Vijayanagara Empire was initially ruled by the Sangama dynasty, followed by the Saluva dynasty, the Tuluva dynasty, and later the Aravidū dynasty. These dynasties ruled sequentially over the empire, with each bringing its own contributions to its administration and expansion. The Hoysala dynasty, although influential in southern India, was a predecessor to the Vijayanagara Empire and did not rule it. They were, however, important in shaping the region's politics and culture before the rise of Vijayanagara.

The Amara-Nayaka system, used in the Vijayanagara Empire, was similar to the Iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate. Under this system, military governors (Amara-Nayakas) controlled regions and were assigned land revenues in return for military service. This system helped the central administration maintain control over the vast empire by decentralizing power while ensuring that local governance was maintained.

The correct option is (C) : Hazara Rama Temple

The correct option is (D) : C, B, A, E, D

The correct option is (B) : D, E only

The correct option is (C) :Amara-nayakas refer to a group of priests..

The correct option is (D): Gateway

The correct option is (B): Virupaksha

The correct option is (D): Karnataka Samrajyamu