Vijay Nagar Kingdom

To solve the problem of matching List-I with List-II, we need to pair each historical figure with the correct activity related to Vijayanagara. Using the table and options provided, let's establish the correct pairings:

The correct matches are: (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Let's briefly justify these pairings:

• Alexander Greenlaw (A) is known for capturing detailed photographs at Hampi, thus matching with (IV).
• John Marshall (B) was instrumental in beginning conservation efforts at Vijayanagara, aligning with (III).
• J.F. Fleet (C) documented inscriptions, so he corresponds with (I).
• Colin Mackenzie (D) visited Vijayanagara in 1800, therefore matching with (II).

To solve the problem of matching List-I with List-II, we need to identify the historical locations associated with the materials mentioned. These associations are based on archaeological and historical evidence. Here's the breakdown:

Explanation:

• A - Shell: Nageshwar is known for shell work, confirming the match A-(II).
• B - Lapis-Lazuli: Shortughai, an ancient lapis-lazuli mining area, matches B-(I).
• C - Carnelian: Known for bead manufacturing, Carnelian links to Lothal, thus C-(IV).
• D - Steatite: Esteemed for its use in seals, steatite connects with South Rajasthan, leading to D-(III).

Therefore, the correct matching is (A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III).

The Vijayanagara Empire, a prominent South Indian kingdom, was founded in the 14th century. The credit for its establishment goes to two brothers named Harihara I and Bukka Raya I.

Initially serving in the administration of the Hoysala Empire, these brothers established the Vijayanagara Empire after being influenced by the teachings of the sage Vidyaranya. Their reign marked the beginning of a new era, significantly contributing to South Indian architecture, economy, and culture.

Thus, the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire were Harihara and Bukka.