Mahatma Gandhi And The Nationalist Movement

Gandhi targeted the salt tax because:
- Universal Impact (B): Salt was a basic necessity for all classes, unlike luxury taxes.
- Symbol of Oppression (A): The tax exemplified colonial cruelty (e.g., destroying natural salt while starving people paid 1,000% tax).
- Rejecting C/D:
- Profit (C): The text cites 1,000%, not "twenty times."
- National property (D): Misrepresents Gandhi’s stance; he opposed destruction, calling it "national expense."

The mentor of Mahatma Gandhi was Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

The question pertains to the historical event regarding Mahatma Gandhi's trial following the end of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement, initiated by Gandhi in 1920, was a mass protest against British colonial rule in India. However, it was halted in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident, which led to violence against police.

After the withdrawal of the movement, Gandhiji was arrested and subsequently brought to trial. The trial took place in March 1922, and it is historically significant due to Gandhiji's statement expressing his readiness to accept the punishment for his role in civil disobedience.

The correct answer to the question is that the judge who presided over Gandhiji's trial was Justice C.N. Broomfield. Justice Broomfield sentenced Gandhi to six years of imprisonment, which marked a pivotal moment in Indian history.

To solve the problem of matching List-I with List-II, we need to understand the context and associations:

1. Khilafat Movement (A): The Khilafat Movement was started in 1919-1920 to protest the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after WWI and to protect the office of the Caliph in Turkey, hence associated with 1919-1920 (IV).
2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (B): This tragic incident of British brutality happened in the year 1919, making the association with (III).
3. Kemal Ataturk (C): Kemal Ataturk is known as the founder of modern Turkey, after overthrowing the Ottoman Sultanate, making him a Turkish ruler (II).
4. Louis Fischer (D): Louis Fischer was a noted journalist and author who wrote extensively on Mahatma Gandhi, thus he is Mahatma Gandhi’s biographer (I).

Therefore, the correct matches are: (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I).

To determine which statements made by Gandhiji at the opening of Banaras Hindu University are true, we analyze each option based on historical context and documented speeches.

• (A) Gandhiji charged the Indian elite with a lack of concern for the laboring poor: This is true. Gandhiji was known for criticizing the Indian elite for their disconnect from the plight of the poor.
• (B) Gandhiji was not worried about the contrast between the “richly bedecked noblemen” and millions of poor Indians: This is false. Gandhiji often highlighted economic disparity and social inequality, particularly the luxurious lifestyles of the elite compared to the impoverished masses.
• (C) Gandhiji said, “Our salvation can only come through lawyers, doctors, and rich landlords.”: This is false. Gandhiji emphasized self-sufficiency and grassroots efforts for India's salvation rather than relying on the educated elite.
• (D) Gandhiji emphasized that farmers are going to secure the salvation of India: This is true. Gandhiji believed in the significance of villages and farmers, advocating for their role in India's freedom and prosperity.
• (E) Gandhiji told the privileged invitees, “Strip yourself of this jewelry and hold it in trust for your countrymen.”: This is true. Gandhiji often encouraged the wealthy to contribute to the welfare of the nation and shed material excess.

Therefore, the correct options are (A), (D), and (E).

The term "Purna Swaraj" translates to "Complete Independence" in English. It was adopted by the Indian National Congress as the ultimate goal of Indian nationalism during the Lahore Session in December 1929. The adoption of "Purna Swaraj" marked a shift from seeking partial reforms and dominion status within the British Empire to a demand for complete autonomy and self-rule, free from any British influence. This declaration of complete independence was a pivotal moment in India's struggle for freedom, culminating in the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement and eventually leading to India's independence in 1947.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Complete independence.

During the historic event known as the ‘Salt March,’ Mahatma Gandhi undertook a symbolic act of nonviolent protest against British salt monopoly. He commenced this march from his ashram, which is located in Sabarmati. The Salt March was an essential part of the Indian independence movement and began on 12th March 1930, continuing for 24 days.

In this context, it is integral to understand the significance of the Sabarmati Ashram. This ashram served as the epicenter for many of Gandhi's activities and strategies during the struggle for independence. The decision to march from Sabarmati towards Dandi was a strategic one, chosen to draw attention to the salt laws imposed by the British, which prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt independently.

To elaborate, the correct answer from the given options, where Gandhi started his Salt March, is Sabarmati.