Social Change And Development In India Structural Change

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the author of the influential sociology book titled 'Social Change'. This is a factual question requiring knowledge of major sociological literature.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The book 'Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature' was published in 1922 by the American sociologist William Fielding Ogburn.
This work is famous for introducing the concept of "cultural lag," which describes the phenomenon where culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems.
While the other sociologists listed are pioneers in the field, the book specifically titled 'Social Change' is most famously attributed to Ogburn.
- Pitirim Sorokin wrote 'Social and Cultural Dynamics'.
- Herbert Spencer is known for 'The Principles of Sociology'.
- Max Weber authored 'The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism'.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Therefore, the correct author of the book 'Social Change' is William F. Ogburn.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Modernization is a comprehensive process of transformation from a traditional or pre-modern society to a modern one. It involves profound changes in a society's economy, social structure, politics, and culture. The question asks for the outcomes or results of this process.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Let's evaluate each option as a result of modernization:
(A) Emergence of new classes: Modernization disrupts traditional social hierarchies. The shift towards industrial capitalism leads to the rise of new social classes, such as the industrial bourgeoisie (factory owners) and the urban proletariat (working class), while older classes like the landed aristocracy may decline. This is a key result.
(B) Industrialization: This is a core engine and a fundamental characteristic of modernization. It refers to the shift from an agrarian economy to one dominated by manufacturing and machine production. It is both a driver and a result of the modernization process.
(C) Unemployment: While modernization creates new types of jobs, it can also lead to unemployment. Technological advancements can make certain skills obsolete (structural unemployment), and the decline of traditional sectors (like agriculture) can displace workers who are not immediately absorbed into new industries. This is a common social problem associated with modernization.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Since the emergence of new classes, industrialization, and unemployment are all well-documented consequences of the modernization process, the most complete and accurate answer is 'All of these'.