Social Reform

The Bhakti movement was a socio-religious reform movement that emerged in medieval India. It emphasized devotion, or \textit{bhakti}, as the primary means to achieve salvation, rather than complex rituals or knowledge.
Key Features:

Emphasis on Devotion: It advocated intense personal devotion and a loving relationship with God.

Monotheism: Many Bhakti saints preached the oneness of God.

Social Equality: It was characterized by its egalitarianism, rejecting the caste system and the supremacy of Brahmins. It taught that anyone, regardless of caste or gender, could attain salvation.

Rejection of Ritualism: It opposed elaborate rituals, ceremonies, and idol worship, promoting instead simple forms of worship like singing hymns (bhajans).

Use of Vernacular Languages: The saints composed their hymns and teachings in local languages, making them accessible to the common people.
Prominent saints include Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mirabai, and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the founder of the All India Harijan Sevak Sangh, a significant social reform organization.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The All India Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded by Mahatma Gandhi on September 30, 1932. He established the organization following his fast at Yerwada Jail in Pune, which led to the Poona Pact. The primary objective of the Sangh was to eradicate untouchability from Indian society and work for the social, economic, and cultural upliftment of the 'Harijans' (a term coined by Gandhi for the so-called 'untouchables', meaning 'children of God').
Step 3: Final Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi established the All India Harijan Sevak Sangh in 1932.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks for the year when the legislation criminalizing the practice of instant triple talaq (Talaq-e-Biddat) was passed by the Indian Parliament.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- In 2017, the Supreme Court of India, in the Shayara Bano case, declared the practice of instant triple talaq unconstitutional.
- Following this judgment, the government introduced a bill in Parliament. The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, which makes instant triple talaq a criminal offense, was passed by the Lok Sabha on July 25, 2019, and by the Rajya Sabha on July 30, 2019.
- It received the President's assent on July 31, 2019.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The law on 'Triple Talaq' was passed by both houses of Parliament in the year 2019.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the social reform organization founded by the 19th-century social reformer, Jyotirao Phule (also known as Jyotiba Phule).
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- Jyotirao Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers' Society) in Pune, Maharashtra, on 24 September 1873.
- The main objective of the organization was to liberate the Shudra and Ati-Shudra (Dalit) castes from exploitation and oppression by the Brahmin caste. It advocated for social equality, education, and justice for the lower castes.
- The Harijan Sevak Sangh (D) was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Jyotirao Phule established the Satya Shodhak Samaj.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the social group associated with the Tana Bhagat movement, a historical movement in the Chotanagpur region of India.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
- The Tana Bhagat movement was a tribal uprising that began in 1914 among the Oraon tribe in the Chotanagpur plateau (present-day Jharkhand).
- The Oraon are classified as a Scheduled Tribe in India.
- The movement was led by Jatra Oraon. Initially, it was a religious reform movement aiming to purify the Oraon way of life (giving up meat, liquor, and traditional spirit worship).
- It later developed into a non-violent resistance movement against British colonial policies and local landlords, and it eventually merged with Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The Tana Bhagat movement is associated with Scheduled tribes.