Aldehydes Ketones And Carboxylic Acids

Cyanohydrin addition increases one -atom in acetaldehyde which on hydrolysis gives lactic acid.

Step 1: Formic acid reduces Tollen’s reagent giving silver mirror.
Step 2: Acetic acid does not reduce Tollen’s reagent.

Step 1: Iodoform test is given by compounds containing CH₃CO- or CH₃CH(OH)-.
Step 2: Methanol does not satisfy this condition.

Step 1: Fehling's test. Aldehydes reduce Fehling’s solution.
Step 2: Behaviour of compounds. Acetaldehyde gives positive test, acetone does not.

Step 1: Understand the reaction of acetylene with hypochlorous acid.
Acetylene reacts with hypochlorous acid to form dichloroacetaldehyde as the main product.
Step 2: Conclusion.
The main product of this reaction is dichloroacetaldehyde. Final Answer:

Step 1: In Koch reaction, an alkene reacts with CO and water in acidic medium.
Step 2: This leads to formation of a carboxylic acid with increased carbon chain.

Step 1: Alcohol group gets lowest possible locant.
Step 2: Correct name should be 3-Methyl-2-butanol, not 2-Methyl-3-butanol.

Due to dipole-dipole interactions the boiling point of alkyl halide is higher as compared to corresponding alkanes. Alkanes, being non polar, have weak van der walls forces of attraction. In alkyl halides, bond is polar. Hence, strong dipoledipole interactions are present. Greater is the strength of intermolecular forces, higher is the boiling point.

Step 1: In acid–catalysed aldol condensation, enol formation occurs followed by C–C bond formation.
Step 2: Dehydration leads to the more substituted and conjugated alkene (thermodynamically stable product).
Step 3: Option (d) represents the most substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes for both I and II.

Step 1: Iodoform test is given by compounds containing: CH₃CO– or CH₃–CHOH–
Step 2: (1) Ethanol → oxidised to acetaldehyde → gives iodoform (2) Acetone has CH₃CO– group (3) Isopropyl alcohol has CH₃–CHOH– group (4) Methanol does not satisfy the condition

Step 1: Under acid–catalysed aldol conditions, aldehydes first form a β-hydroxy aldehyde.
Step 2: Acidic medium favours dehydration, leading to formation of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde (conjugated system).
Step 3: In both aldehydes (I) and (II), the more substituted alkene is favoured due to greater stability.
Step 4: Hence, the major products are the conjugated enals shown in option (b).