Equilibrium

According to Bronsted and Lowry concept, a substance is known as an acid if it can donate a proton and as a base .if it can accept a proton.

Haber's process of synthesis of ammonia
Since the number of molecules of gaseous products are less than the number of molecules of gaseous reactants, thus according to Le-Chatelier's principle, high pressure favoun the forward reaction ie, more ammonia will be obtained.

Conc. of

In the decomposition reaction of , the number of moles of products formed is greater than that of reactant involved.

Increase in pressure favours the reaction, in which number of moles are less, thus. in this reaction, increase in pressure favours the backward reaction.

Ostwald's dilution law equation is,




or

is a salt of weak base
and strong acid ,
thus undergoes cationic hydrolysis and provides
ions that make the solution acidic
, pH is very less or less than .

or

Since, the inert gas is added at constant volume, ie, the volume is not allowed to increase, the concentrations of all the three gases remain unchanged.

Given, volume of solution
of solution
in
solution
Milliequivalents of
Similarly, volume of solution
of
of
in
in solution
Milliequivalents of
Since, is in excess.
Remaining milliequivalents

Remaining concentration of

Given,
... (i)
For reaction,

... (ii)
On squaring both sides, we get
...(iii)
On dividing E (i) by E (iii),
we get

Sodium acetate is a salt of strong base
and weak acid .
In aqueous solution it gets hydrolysed as

or
or
Because of the excess of in aqueous solution, its solution is basic in nature.
Aqueous solution of salt of strong acid and weak base is acidic and that of strong
acid and strong base is neutral.

According to -Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium state of a reversible reaction will not shift by the effect of a catalyst but equilibrium constant remain unaffected by the effect of catalyst as well as change in concentration of the reactants.

Given,
So, we know that

Dissociation of in solution is represented as follows

If , no effect on equilibrium due to pressure.
,
the increase in pressure favours backward reaction,
,
the increase in pressure favours forward reaction for [a]
,



Hence, in case of [b] An ,
the increase in pressure will favour the forward reaction.

Because Lewis acids are electron pair acceptor.

The mixture of reactants and products in the equilibrium state is called equilibrium mixture. This .state of equilibrium is called chemical equilibrium and nature of this state is dynamic instead of static.

pH range of human blood (blood plasma) is

change in number of moles = moles of product - moles of reactant

Applying the law of mass action

Given, atm
atm and for solid

of

Hydrogen ion concentration of solution having value
Now,