Nucleophilic And Electrophilic Substitution Reactions Both Aromatic And Aliphatic

Step 1: Understand the effects of substituents in electrophilic substitution.
Deactivating groups, such as -NO , withdraw electrons and direct substitution to the meta position.
Activating groups, such as -OH and -CH , donate electrons and direct substitution to the ortho and para positions.
Chlorine (-Cl) is a halogen, and while it is deactivating, it is ortho/para-directing because of its lone pairs, which allow it to donate electrons slightly.

Step 2: Identify the incorrect statement.
The statement in (b) is incorrect.
While -Cl is deactivating, it is ortho/para-directing, not activating as stated.