Semiconductor Electronics Materials Devices And Simple Circuits

A diode is considered to be in a forward-biased state when the p-type semiconductor of a p-n junction has a positive potential relative to the n-type semiconductor of the same junction.

So, the correct option is (A).

The correct option is (C): NAND.
The provided logic gate is a NAND gate, as it produces results that are the inverse of those obtained from an AND gate.

The correct option is (B):
Equivalent ckt is 

I=

I=

The barrier potential of a p-n junction diode is primarily determined by the difference in work functions between the p-type and n-type materials and the intrinsic properties of the materials themselves. It does not depend on diode design. On the other hand, temperature, doping density, and forward bias voltage can influence the barrier potential.

So, the correct option is (A): diode design

A full-wave rectifier circuit operating from a 50 Hz mains will produce a ripple frequency that is twice the frequency of the mains supply. This is because a full-wave rectifier rectifies both halves of the AC cycle, effectively doubling the frequency of the ripples.
Therefore,
Fundamental frequency = 2 x Mains frequency
Fundamental frequency = 2 x 50 Hz = 100 Hz

So, the correct option is (D): 100 Hz

An n-p-n transistor conducts when the collector is positive and the emitter is negative with respect to the base.
In an n-p-n transistor, the base-emitter junction is forward-biased (positive on the emitter and negative on the base), and the collector-base junction is reverse-biased (positive on the collector and negative on the base). This biasing arrangement allows the transistor to conduct.

So, the correct option is (B): collector is positive and emitter is negative with respect to the base

When a diode is reverse-biased, it increases the width of the depletion region, effectively making it more difficult for charge carriers to cross the junction. This results in a higher potential barrier for carriers trying to move from the p-side to the n-side (electrons in the case of an n-p junction).

So, the correct option is (B): raises the potential barrier

When operating, a Zener diode is always in the reverse biased state. In spite of fluctuations in the input voltage or changes in the load current, a voltage regulator circuit may be created utilising a Zener diode to maintain a constant DC output voltage across the load. In this reverse biased configuration, the Zener diode is linked in parallel with the load RL and a current-limiting resistor RS is connected in series with the input voltage VS to form the Zener voltage regulator. Therefore, we may conclude that stabilisation is a function of Zener diodes.

Therefore, the correct option is (C): stabilisation

P-type and n-type batteries are linked to the positive and negative terminals, respectively, in forward bias. As a result, the number of electrons on the n-side grows as carriers are driven towards opposite terminals for conduction.

Therefore, the correct option is (A): increases the number of donors on the n-side

It is nearly hard to give electrons in the valence band enough energy to jump to the conduction band since the energy gap in insulators is of the order of 5 to 10 eV.
More electrons from the valence band of semiconductors jump into the conduction band when the temperature rises, increasing conductivity. In conductors, the conduction band either overlaps the valence band or is just partially filled.
The resistance of semiconductors reduces as temperature rises.

So, option (D): The resistivity of a semiconductor increases with increase in temperature is the only false statement.

For a particular element, germanium has the smallest energy band gap while carbon has the largest.

Therefore, the correct option is (A): (Eg)_C > (Eg)_Si

Transistor Current Gain ( ): (current gain) is given by the change in collector current ( ) divided by the change in base current ( ).
In this case, = 10 mA - 5 mA = 5 mA

and = 150 μA - 100 μA = 50 μA.

So, = = = 100.

Therefore, the correct option is (C): 100

In the process of forward biasing, the diode's anode is linked to the battery's positive terminal, while the diode's cathode is attached to the battery's negative terminal. 

So, the correct option is (D):

In a series circuit, frequency of oscillations is given by or

Given

Therefore, the correct option is (C):

Based on the given voltage waveforms, the logic circuit gate is an AND gate. It produces an output C that is high (1) only when both inputs A and B are high (1).

So, the correct option is (A): AND gate

When operating, a Zener diode is always in the reverse biased state. In spite of fluctuations in the input voltage or changes in the load current, a voltage regulator circuit may be created utilising a Zener diode to maintain a constant DC output voltage across the load. In this reverse biased configuration, the Zener diode is linked in parallel with the load RL and a current-limiting resistor RS is connected in series with the input voltage VS to form the Zener voltage regulator. Therefore, we may conclude that stabilisation is a function of Zener diodes.

Therefore, the correct option is (C): stabilisation

The correct option is(B): 150 and 15000.

Current gain

Voltage gain

Power gain