Ecology

Step 1: Identify blood proteins.
Hepatitis-B vaccine is a blood-derived protein produced by r-DNA technology.
Step 2: Identify human hormones.
Urokinase is a hormone-like protein involved in clot dissolution.
Step 3: Identify immuno-modulators.
Lysozyme enhances immune response and acts as an immuno-modulator.
Step 4: Identify vaccine.
Insulin is commonly produced by r-DNA technology and used therapeutically.
Step 5: Final matching.
Thus, correct matching is a-i, b-iv, c-ii, d-iii.

Step 1: Understanding cartilage.
Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides flexibility and support to joints.

Step 2: Identifying cell types.
Chondroblasts are immature cells responsible for cartilage formation.
Osteoblasts and osteocytes are related to bone, while adipocytes store fat.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Therefore, cartilage forming cells are called chondroblasts.

Step 1: Understanding genome alteration.
Genome alteration involves changes in the DNA sequence or genetic makeup of an organism.
Step 2: Analysis of given options.
Genetic engineering and gene manipulation deliberately modify genes.
Mutation causes spontaneous or induced changes in DNA.
Cloning produces genetically identical copies without changing the genome.
Step 3: Identifying the correct option.
Since cloning does not introduce any genetic change, it cannot alter the genome.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, genome cannot be altered by cloning.

Step 1: Understanding Krebs cycle.
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of enzyme-mediated reactions involved in aerobic respiration.

Step 2: Location of Krebs cycle.
All enzymes required for the Krebs cycle are present in the mitochondrial matrix, except succinate dehydrogenase.

Step 3: Eliminating incorrect options.
Oxysomes are involved in ATP synthesis.
Cytoplasm is the site of glycolysis.
Outer mitochondrial membrane does not contain Krebs cycle enzymes.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, Krebs cycle enzymes are located in the matrix of mitochondria.

Step 1: Understanding the function of loop of Henle.
The loop of Henle helps in concentrating urine by creating a high osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney.

Step 2: Relation with habitat.
Animals living in arid environments require maximum water conservation. They possess a longer loop of Henle to produce highly concentrated urine.

Step 3: Conclusion.
Camel, being a desert animal, has a longer loop of Henle.

Step 1: Understanding sustainable methods for organic farming.
Sustainable farming methods include various practices that help maintain ecological balance, such as beekeeping, dairy management, water conservation, and composting. These methods ensure long-term agricultural productivity and environmental health.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) include the activities of bee-keeping, dairy management, water harvesting, composting along with agriculture in the village: Correct, this method incorporates multiple sustainable farming practices that help maintain environmental and agricultural balance.
(B) educate the rural women for establishment of self help groups to encourage cottage industry: Incorrect, while self-help groups can be beneficial, they are not specific to sustainable organic farming practices.
(C) form groups of youths to do street plays to educate the villagers for reduction and recycling of wastes: Incorrect, while waste reduction is important, it doesn't directly address organic farming methods.
(D) guide the villagers to design and build an effluent treatment and biogas plant: Incorrect, although important for sustainability, this is not specifically related to integrated organic farming.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (A) include the activities of bee-keeping, dairy management, water harvesting, composting along with agriculture in the village.

Step 1: Understanding palindromic sequence.
A palindromic DNA sequence reads the same in the 5 3 direction on both strands. Such sequences are important as recognition sites for restriction enzymes.
Step 2: Checking option (B).
In option (B), when the complementary strand is read in the 5 3 direction, it matches the original strand sequence, satisfying the condition of a palindrome.
Step 3: Analysis of remaining options.
Options (A), (C), and (D) do not read the same in opposite directions and hence are not palindromic.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The palindromic DNA sequence is given in option (B).

Step 1: Understanding DNA fingerprinting.
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA.
Step 2: Role of VNTRs.
VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats) are short nucleotide sequences repeated multiple times in the genome. The number of repeats varies among individuals, making them ideal genetic markers.
Step 3: Analysis of options.
(A) RFLP: Incorrect — it is a technique, not the marker itself.
(B) TGF-B: Incorrect — it is a growth factor, not a genetic marker.
(C) TPA: Incorrect — it is an enzyme, unrelated to DNA fingerprinting.
(D) VNTRs: Correct — they serve as genetic markers in DNA fingerprinting.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The genetic markers used in DNA fingerprinting are VNTRs.

Step 1: Understanding somatic cells.
Somatic cells are body cells excluding gametes.
Step 2: Chromosome number in humans.
Humans are diploid organisms with two sets of chromosomes (2n).
Step 3: Numerical value.
The diploid chromosome number in humans is 46 (23 pairs).
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, a normal human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes.

Step 1: Identifying the reaction.
The given reaction represents the reduction of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
Step 2: Source of oxygen.
Oxygen is released during the light reaction due to photolysis of water.
Step 3: Overall photosynthesis.
Although CO is reduced to carbohydrate, O is released as a by-product.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, ‘X’ in the reaction stands for oxygen (O ).

Step 1: Understanding vernalization.
Vernalization is the process of exposing plants to low temperatures to induce early flowering and improve overall plant vigor.
Step 2: Effect on disease resistance.
Vernalization not only affects flowering but also increases resistance of plants to certain diseases, particularly those caused by fungal pathogens.
Step 3: Analysis of options.
(A) Bacteria: Incorrect — vernalization does not specifically enhance resistance to bacterial diseases.
(B) Viroids: Incorrect — viroid resistance is not linked to vernalization.
(C) Viruses: Incorrect — viral resistance is genetically controlled.
(D) Fungi: Correct — vernalization increases resistance against fungal diseases.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Vernalization increases resistance of plants to diseases caused by fungi.

Step 1: Understanding pars distalis.
Pars distalis is the anterior pituitary lobe responsible for secreting several trophic hormones.
Step 2: Hormones of pars distalis.
It secretes somatotropin (GH), prolactin, and corticotropin (ACTH).
Vasopressin (ADH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa), not pars distalis.
Step 3: Analysis of options.
(A) Vasopressin: Correct — not secreted by pars distalis.
(B) Somatotropin: Incorrect — secreted by pars distalis.
(C) Prolactin: Incorrect — secreted by pars distalis.
(D) Corticotropin: Incorrect — secreted by pars distalis.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The hormone not secreted by pars distalis is vasopressin.

Step 1: Understanding ear ossicles.
The middle ear contains three auditory ossicles—malleus, incus, and stapes—which transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Step 2: Attachment of malleus.
The malleus is directly attached to the tympanic membrane and receives vibrations from it, passing them to the incus.
Step 3: Analysis of options.
(A) Tympanic membrane: Correct — malleus is firmly attached to it.
(B) Membranous labyrinth: Incorrect — part of the inner ear.
(C) Oval window of internal ear: Incorrect — stapes is attached here.
(D) Eustachian tube: Incorrect — involved in pressure equalization.
Step 4: Conclusion.
The malleus bone of the ear is attached to the tympanic membrane.

Step 1: Understanding eye movement control.
Eye movements are controlled by extraocular muscles, which are innervated by specific cranial nerves. Proper coordination of these nerves allows precise movement of the eyeball.
Step 2: Cranial nerves involved.
Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor) controls most eye muscles.
Cranial nerve IV (Trochlear) controls the superior oblique muscle.
Cranial nerve VI (Abducens) controls the lateral rectus muscle.
Step 3: Analysis of options.
(A) IV, V and VII: Trigeminal and facial nerves are not involved in eye movement.
(B) V, VII and IX: These nerves control facial sensation, expression, and swallowing.
(C) I, II and III: Olfactory and optic nerves are sensory, not motor for eye movement.
(D) III, IV and VI: Correct group controlling eye movements.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Eye movements are controlled by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.

Step 1: Understanding exotic species.
Exotic species are organisms introduced into regions outside their native range.
Step 2: About {Lantana camara. {Lantana camara} is an invasive exotic plant species introduced into India from tropical America.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Therefore, {Lantana camara} is an exotic species.

Step 1: Understanding biomagnification.
Biomagnification refers to the progressive increase in concentration of toxic substances such as pesticides and heavy metals along the food chain.
Step 2: Evaluating agricultural practices.
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides contribute to persistent pollutants that enter food chains. Organic farming avoids synthetic chemicals and uses eco-friendly inputs.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Organic farming with biopesticides and biofertilizers reduces toxic accumulation and hence controls biomagnification.

Step 1: Understanding predation.
Predation refers to a biological interaction where one organism (the predator) kills and consumes another organism (the prey). A tiger preying on a deer is an example of predation.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Remora - shark: Incorrect — The remora and shark have a symbiotic relationship (remora benefits by attaching to the shark and eating leftover food).
(B) Whale - barnacle: Incorrect — This is an example of commensalism, where the barnacle benefits without harming the whale.
(C) Orchid - tree: Incorrect — This is an example of epiphytism, where the orchid grows on the tree without harming it.
(D) Tiger - deer: Correct — This is an example of predation, where the tiger hunts and eats the deer.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (D) Tiger - deer, as it represents a classic case of predation.

Step 1: Understanding ecological terms.
In ecology, a community refers to all populations of different species living in a specific area or habitat. A biome refers to a larger ecological area, while biomass refers to the total mass of living organisms.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) community: Correct — A community consists of all populations of different species in a given habitat.
(B) biome: Incorrect — A biome is a larger classification of ecosystems, not just a sum of populations.
(C) biomass: Incorrect — Biomass refers to the total weight of living organisms, not their population.
(D) ecosystem: Incorrect — An ecosystem includes both the community of organisms and their environment, not just the populations.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (A) community, as it refers to the sum total of all populations in a given habitat.

Step 1: Understanding Goblet cells.
Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that secrete mucous, which acts as a protective barrier in various systems, such as the respiratory and digestive systems.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) oil: Incorrect — Goblet cells do not secrete oil; they secrete mucous.
(B) mucous: Correct — Goblet cells secrete mucous that helps protect and lubricate tissues.
(C) enzymes: Incorrect — Enzyme secretion is a function of other specialized cells, not goblet cells.
(D) hormones: Incorrect — Goblet cells do not secrete hormones.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (B) mucous, as goblet cells secrete mucous to protect and lubricate tissues.

Step 1: Role of microbes in dairy industry.
The dairy industry uses microbes mainly for fermentation, flavour development and production of dairy products.
Step 2: Importance of Lactobacillus.
Lactobacillus converts milk sugar (lactose) into lactic acid and is essential for curd and yoghurt formation.
Step 3: Other useful microbes.
Penicillium is used in cheese ripening, while Streptomyces contributes to flavour and antibiotic production.

Step 1: Understanding natality.
Natality refers to the rate at which new individuals are added to a population through reproduction.
Step 2: Population parameters.
It is measured as the number of births occurring per unit area in a given unit of time.
Step 3: Eliminating other options.
Emigration and immigration involve movement, while death refers to mortality, not natality.

Step 1: Understanding prokaryotic cell structure.
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane.
Step 2: Effect on transcription and translation.
Because there is no nucleus, transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm.
Step 3: Eliminating incorrect options.
Chromosome, ATP and ribosomes are present in prokaryotes, but the nucleus is absent.

Step 1: Structure of pollen grain.
The pollen grain has two walls — outer exine and inner intine.
Step 2: Nature of exine.
Exine is composed of sporopollenin, one of the most resistant organic materials known.
Step 3: Protective function.
Due to sporopollenin, pollen grains can resist physical damage, chemicals, and biological degradation.