Eco System

Energy pyramid cannot be inverted because energy always flows in one direction only. According to 10% law of energy transfer given by Lindemann (1972), during transfer of energy from one trophic level to other there is always loss of energy in respiration and other activities. Only 10% of energy is transfered to net trophic level. So the amount of energy flow decreases with successive trophic levels.

Due to majority of phytoplanktons.

Decomposers act on dead bodies converting complex organic constituents into simpler soluble form.They obtain their energy from dead organisms. Decomposers themselves are organisms (often fungi, earthworms, or bacteria) that break down organic materials to gain nutrients and energy. Decomposers
accelerate the natural process of decomposition. They supply the required nutrients for other trophic levels. The fungi found on the tree are decomposers. When an organism dies, it leaves behind nutrients that are tightly bound together. A scavenger might eat the carcass, but its feces would still contain a considerable amount of unused energy and nutrients. Decomposers will later induce further breakdown. This last step releases raw nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium) in a form usable to plants, which quickly incorporates the chemicals into their own cells. This process greatly increases the nutrient-load of an ecosystem, in turn allowing for greater biodiversity.

Only 10% of the mass is flown from one trophic level to another in the form of energy.

In submerged hydrophytes whole plant body remains under water. e.g. Ceratophyllum and Utricularia. In these plants, stomata is absent and gaseous exchange takes place through general body surface.

Answer (d) Herbivores have a better energy conversion efficiency than carnivores

Answer (a) An animal feeding on decaying organic matter

The correct option is(D): Earthworm.

Pyramid of energy is a graphic representation of amount of energy trapped per unit time and area in different trophic levels of a food chain with producers forming the base and top carnivores the tip. The energy content is expressed as kcal/ /yr.
Pyramids of energy are always upright, since maximum energy content is present in the producers. From there, only 10% of energy is used by the next trophic level. Every
trophic level gets only 1 0 % energy of the lower trophic level. Energy level always decreases along a food chain hence always upright pyramid is obtained.

Answer (c) 2-10% of PAR only