Gymnosperms

1.	Pteris	2.	Funaria
3.	Polytrichum	4.	Cedrus

Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of?

1. broad hardy leaves

2. superficial stomata

3. thick cuticle

4. the presence of vessels

Pinus seeds cannot germinate and establish without fungal association. This is because:

1. its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent germination.

2. its embryo is immature.

3. it has an obligate association with mycorrhizae.

4. it has a very hard seed coat.

Which of the following statements is incorrect about gymnosperms?

1. They are heterosporous

2. Male and female gametophytes are free-living

3. Most of them have narrow leaves with thick cuticles

4. Their seeds are not covered

Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A):	In gymnosperms, the pollen grains are released from the microsporangium and carried by air currents.
Reason (R):	Air currents carry the pollen grains to the mouth of the archegonia where the male gametes are discharged and pollen tube is not formed.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1.	(A) is False, (R) is True.
2.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A).
3.	Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) does not correctly explain (A).
4.	(A) is True, (R) is False.

Which one of the following is the characteristic feature of gymnosperms?

1.	Seeds are absent.
2.	Gymnosperms have flowers for reproduction.
3.	Seeds are enclosed in fruits.
4.	Seeds are naked.