Insect Ecology

- A Nitrogen oxides are primarily responsible for photochemical smog (III).
- B Carbon monoxide is involved in oxygen transport (I), as it can bind to hemoglobin in place of oxygen.
- C Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming (IV) by trapping heat in the atmosphere.
- D Industrial effluents lead to the increase of BOD (V), which impacts water quality.

During glomerular filtration, the filtration pressure, which is also called net filtration pressure (NFP), is the pressure that forces blood to move from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule. This pressure is critical for the filtration of waste products from the blood. The value of NFP in human kidneys is typically around .

Step 1: Understanding Cockroach Wing Mechanism
- Dorso-ventral muscles contract to raise the wings.
- Dorso-longitudinal muscles lower the wings.
- Alary muscles are related to pumping blood.
- Adductor muscles help in leg movement, not wing elevation.

- Van’t Hoff’s rule states that with every 10°C increase in temperature, the rate of metabolic processes doubles.
- Allen’s rule pertains to the relationship between the size of body parts and temperature.
- Bergman’s rule states that individuals of a species living in colder climates tend to have larger body sizes.
- Jordon’s rule is related to the color patterns of animals in different climates.

Step 1: Understanding the Role of Malpighian Tubules
- Malpighian tubules in cockroaches function in excretion and produce uric acid as a nitrogenous waste.
- Removing them prevents uric acid excretion, so it would be absent in feces.
- Other substances like undigested matter and proteins remain unaffected.