Nuclear Force

There are four fundamental forces in nature, ordered by their strength from strongest to weakest: 1.
**Strong Nuclear Force:** This is the strongest of the four fundamental forces.
It acts between quarks and gluons, and its residual effect binds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus.
It has a very short range, typically around meters (about the size of a nucleon).
2.
**Electromagnetic Force:** This force acts between electrically charged particles.
It is responsible for chemical bonding, light, and all electromagnetic phenomena.
Its range is theoretically infinite, but its effects are often diminished over macroscopic distances due to the cancellation of opposite charges.
The Coulomb force is the electrostatic part of the electromagnetic force.
3.
**Weak Nuclear Force:** This force is responsible for certain types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay.
It is much weaker than the strong and electromagnetic forces and has a very short range, even shorter than the strong nuclear force (around meters).
4.
**Gravitational Force:** This is the weakest of the four fundamental forces.
It acts between any two objects with mass.
Although it is very weak, its range is infinite, and it is always attractive.
It is the dominant force on large scales, such as between planets, stars, and galaxies.
Frictional force is not a fundamental force; it arises from the electromagnetic forces between the surfaces in contact.
Comparing the strengths of the fundamental forces, the strong nuclear force is by far the strongest.

Step 1: Understanding Energy Levels Energy levels exist in both atomic and nuclear systems: - Atomic energy levels arise from electronic transitions. - Nuclear energy levels arise from nucleon (proton/neutron) transitions. Step 2: Comparing Orders of Magnitude Typical spacing: - Atomic energy levels: few eV. - Nuclear energy levels: MeV. Since MeV eV, the ratio between nuclear and atomic energy spacing is: Conclusion Thus, the correct answer is:

Energy released per fission .
Power generated by the reactor .
First, convert energy per fission to Joules: .
.
So, .
The rate of fission (number of fissions per second) is related to the power P by: .
So, .
Calculate : .
: .
(163=48, rem 2) .
(161=16, rem 4) .
(162=32, rem 8) .
So, .
To match the options format : This matches option (4).

Step 1: Use decay formula
Where initial nuclei, remaining, decayed. Given ratio , so
Step 2: Calculate fraction remaining
Step 3: Use decay law
where years (half-life), solve for : Step 4: Conclusion
The age of the rock is years.

- The number of half-lives ( ) required to reduce to is found by:
Since , it implies:
- Each half-life is hours, so total time ( ) is:
Thus, it takes 100 hours for the substance to reduce from 256 g to 1 g.

Step 1: Understanding Energy Levels Energy levels exist in both atomic and nuclear systems: - Atomic energy levels arise from electronic transitions. - Nuclear energy levels arise from nucleon (proton/neutron) transitions. Step 2: Comparing Orders of Magnitude Typical spacing: - Atomic energy levels: few eV. - Nuclear energy levels: MeV. Since MeV eV, the ratio between nuclear and atomic energy spacing is: Conclusion Thus, the correct answer is:

Step 1: Understanding the current relation in a transistor
In a transistor: Given: Step 2: Find base current
Step 3: Find ratio of base to collector current
So, ratio is

Energy released per fission .
Power generated by the reactor .
First, convert energy per fission to Joules: .
.
So, .
The rate of fission (number of fissions per second) is related to the power P by: .
So, .
Calculate : .
: .
(163=48, rem 2) .
(161=16, rem 4) .
(162=32, rem 8) .
So, .
To match the options format : This matches option (4).