Chemistry In Everyday Life

Concept: Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) - Synthesis of Aspirin (Acetylation of Phenols).

Step 1: Identify the target product. The target product is Aspirin. The chemical name for Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. Its structure consists of a benzene ring with a carboxylic acid group ( ) and an ester/acetyl group ( ) at the ortho position relative to each other.

Step 2: Analyze the reagents used. The reagent used is acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst ( ). Acetic anhydride is a common acetylating agent used to introduce an acetyl group ( ) onto an oxygen or nitrogen atom, typically reacting with alcohols, phenols, or amines.

Step 3: Determine the functional group required in the starting material ' '. Since acetic anhydride introduces an acetyl group to form an ester linkage in Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), the starting material ' ' must contain a hydroxyl group ( ) attached to the benzene ring. It must also already contain the carboxylic acid group ( ).

Step 4: Identify the structure and name of ' '. A molecule with a benzene ring containing both a hydroxyl group ( ) and a carboxylic acid group ( ) at adjacent (ortho) positions is called 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. The common and widely used name for this specific compound is Salicylic acid.

Step 5: Write the complete chemical equation to verify the reaction. The complete reaction is the acetylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group in salicylic acid.
Reaction: . In words: Salicylic acid + Acetic anhydride Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) + Acetic acid. This perfectly matches the given reaction scheme, confirming that ' ' is indeed Salicylic acid. $ $

Bromopheniramine is not a tranquiliser. It is an antihistamine while meprobamate, equanil, chlordiazepoxide are examples of tranquiliser. Tranquilisers are neurologically active drugs and used for the treatment of stress, fatigue anxiety and mild or even severe mental diseases

Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria are called broad spectrum antibiotics. Among the given options, penicillin is not a broad spectrum antibiotics. It is a narrow spectrum antibiotics, i.e. it is effective mainly against specific families of bacteria

Vernol is the trade name for barbiturate drugs. It is used as tranquilizer, these are the drugs used for the treatment of anxiety, fear tension and mental illness. It�s structure is

Step 1: Formula for .
The formula for calculating the Gibbs free energy change ( ) is given by: Where: - is the gas constant, - is the temperature, - is the equilibrium constant.

Step 2: Calculation.
Substitute the given values into the equation:
Step 3: Conclusion.
The value of is , so the correct answer is (B) -1.663 kJ mol .

Step 1: State Henry’s law.
Henry’s law states that at constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.
Step 2: Express the relationship mathematically.
where is solubility and is pressure.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, Henry’s law establishes a relationship between pressure and solubility.

Step 1: Recall the composition of common alloys.
Different alloys are characterized by specific combinations of metals to obtain desired properties.
Step 2: Identify duralumin.
Duralumin is an alloy mainly composed of aluminium along with copper, magnesium, and manganese.
Step 3: Eliminate other options.
Babbitt metal contains tin, copper, and antimony.
Stainless steel contains iron, chromium, and nickel.
Spiegeleisen contains iron, manganese, and carbon.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, the alloy containing Al, Cu, Mg, and Mn is duralumin.

Step 1: Understand the requirement.
An antiseptic used in soap must be effective against microorganisms and suitable for regular skin contact.
Step 2: Analyze the options.
Iodoform and tincture iodine are used for wound dressing, not in soaps. Boric acid is a mild antiseptic but not commonly used in soaps.
Step 3: Identify the correct compound.
Bithional is an antibacterial compound commonly added to medicated soaps.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Therefore, bithional is used as an antiseptic in soap.

Step 1: Analyzing the reactions.
Acetonitrile reacts with Na/Alcohol to form a product A (which is ethyl amine, formed by reduction). The product A then reacts with NaNO₂ and dilute HCl to form compound B, which is ethyl alcohol.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Nitroethane: This is not the correct product in this sequence of reactions.
(B) Ethyl chloride: This is not the correct product.
(C) Ethyl alcohol: Correct — This is the correct product B after the reaction.
(D) Ethyl amine: This is formed after the first step, but compound B is ethyl alcohol.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) Ethyl alcohol.

Step 1: Understanding lanthanoid oxides.
Lanthanoids, when burnt in oxygen, typically form a stable oxide with the formula Ln O . This is a common oxidation state for lanthanoid elements.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) LnO: Incorrect. This is not the typical oxide formed by lanthanoids.
(B) Ln O : Correct. This is the correct formula for the oxide formed when lanthanoids react with oxygen.
(C) Ln O: Incorrect. This is not the stable oxide formed.
(D) LnO : Incorrect. This is not the common oxide formed by lanthanoids.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (B) Ln O .

Step 1: Understanding cationic detergents.
Cationic detergents are surfactants that carry a positive charge on their hydrophilic head. These detergents are used in fabric softeners, hair conditioners, and other applications due to their ability to interact with negatively charged surfaces.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) n-hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride: This is a cationic detergent. It contains a positively charged ammonium group, which gives it its cationic properties.
(B) Pentaerythrityl stearate: This is an ester and not a detergent.
(C) n-dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid: This is an anionic detergent, not cationic.
(D) Sodium lauryl sulphate: This is also an anionic detergent, not cationic.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (A) n-hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.

Step 1: Understanding antiseptics.
Antiseptics are substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms and are used to clean wounds or surfaces. Penicillin, on the other hand, is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, not an antiseptic.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Bithional: This is an antiseptic used in soap and skin treatments.
(B) Penicillin: This is an antibiotic, not an antiseptic. It is used to treat bacterial infections inside the body, not as a topical antiseptic.
(C) Chloroxylenol: This is an antiseptic and disinfectant.
(D) Iodine: Iodine is a well-known antiseptic used in wound cleaning.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (B) Penicillin.

Step 1: Understand the requirement of a reactor coolant.
A coolant in nuclear reactors must have high thermal conductivity, a high boiling point, and should not absorb neutrons significantly.
Step 2: Analyze sodium as a coolant.
Liquid sodium has excellent heat transfer properties and a very high boiling point. It also has a low neutron absorption cross-section.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Therefore, sodium is used as a coolant in fast breeder nuclear reactors.

Step 1: Define molecular hydrides.
Molecular hydrides are covalent hydrides formed between hydrogen and non-metals.
Step 2: Analyze the given compounds.
, , and are ionic hydrides formed with alkali metals.
is a covalent compound formed between hydrogen and fluorine.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Hence, is an example of a molecular hydride.

Step 1: Write the formula for cell constant.
where is the distance between electrodes and is the area of cross-section.
Step 2: Substitute the given values.

Step 3: Calculate the value.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, the cell constant of the conductivity cell is .

Step 1: Identify the reaction type.
The reaction involves addition of a Grignard reagent to an aldehyde.
Step 2: Analyze benzaldehyde reaction.
Benzaldehyde reacts with methyl magnesium bromide to form a secondary alcohol after hydrolysis.
Step 3: Product formation.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Therefore, reacts with benzaldehyde to give 1-phenylethanol.

Step 1: Identify BHA.
BHA stands for Butylated Hydroxyanisole, which is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used as a food preservative.
Step 2: Recall its molecular formula.
The molecular formula of BHA is .
Step 3: Conclusion.
Hence, the correct formula of BHA is .

Step 1: Understanding reaction with nitrous acid.
Primary and secondary nitroalkanes react with nitrous acid due to presence of an -hydrogen atom.

Step 2: Analyzing tertiary nitroalkanes.
Tertiary nitroalkanes do not have any -hydrogen atoms and therefore do not react with nitrous acid.

Step 3: Identifying the compound.
2-Methyl-2-nitropropane is a tertiary nitroalkane and lacks -hydrogen atoms.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Hence, 2-methyl-2-nitropropane does not react with nitrous acid.

Step 1: Recall stability order of alkyl free radicals.
Stability of free radicals increases with increase in alkyl substitution due to hyperconjugation and +I effect.

Step 2: Analyze the given radicals.
R –C is tertiary (most stable).
R –CH is secondary.
R–CH is primary.
CH is methyl (least substituted).
Step 3: Conclusion.
CH has no alkyl group for stabilization, hence it is the most unstable.

Step 1: Identify the reaction involved.
The reaction involves hydration of carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid in blood.
Step 2: Analyze the given enzymes.
Amylase acts on carbohydrates.
Catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide.
Carbonic anhydrase is commonly associated with CO hydration, but as per the given options and marked answer, ferroxidase is considered correct here.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The enzyme identified as correct in the given context is Ferroxidase.

Step 1: Understand food preservatives.
Food preservatives are substances that prevent spoilage of food by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Step 2: Analyze each option.
(A) Alitame: It is an artificial sweetener and not used as a food preservative.
(B) Sodium benzoate: Commonly used as a food preservative, especially in acidic foods.
(C) Propionic acid salts: Used as preservatives to prevent mold growth in bread and bakery products.
(D) Sorbic acid salts: Widely used preservatives to inhibit fungal growth.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Alitame is not used for food preservation.

Step 1: Understanding the relationship.
The change in internal energy ( ) is given by the first law of thermodynamics: Where: - (heat absorbed by the gas) - (work done by surroundings on the gas)
Step 2: Calculation.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (B) 4002 kJ.

Step 1: Understand narrow spectrum antibiotics.
Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against a limited range of bacteria, usually either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria only.
Step 2: Analyze the given options.
(A) Amoxicillin: It is a broad spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
(B) Ampicillin: It is also a broad spectrum antibiotic.
(C) Chloramphenicol: It is a broad spectrum antibiotic with wide antibacterial activity.
(D) Penicillin: It is a narrow spectrum antibiotic mainly effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Penicillin is an example of a narrow spectrum antibiotic.

Step 1: Identify the drug class.
Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), which is used as an antidepressant drug.
Step 2: Eliminate other options.
Penicillin is an antibiotic, chloroxylenol is an antiseptic, and terpineol is a terpene alcohol used in perfumes.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Therefore, phenelzine shows antidepressant action on the central nervous system.

Step 1: Understanding the concept of antacids.
Antacids are substances that neutralize stomach acid (HCl) and provide relief from acid indigestion. Common antacids include hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of certain metals.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Al(OH) : Aluminum hydroxide is a commonly used antacid that neutralizes stomach acid.
(B) Mg(OH) : Magnesium hydroxide is also a common antacid that is used to relieve acid indigestion.
(C) Na CO : Sodium carbonate (soda ash) is not an antacid and is not used to neutralize stomach acid. It is alkaline, but it is not commonly used in medical treatments as an antacid.
(D) NaHCO : Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is another commonly used antacid.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) Na CO , as it is not an antacid used for neutralizing stomach acid.

Ortho-sulphobenzimide is the chemical name for saccharin. It is a non-caloric artificial sweetener, commonly used as a sugar substitute. Final Answer:

Step 1: Formula

Step 2: Identification
The cathode is the electrode with the higher reduction potential. - (Higher value, Cathode) - (Lower value, Anode)
Step 3: Calculation


Final Answer: (A)