Food Chemistry

Step 1: Understanding the composition.
Baking powder is a mixture that typically contains starch, sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda), and an acidifying agent, which is potassium hydrogen tartrate. It is used as a leavening agent in baking.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Baking soda: Incorrect. Baking soda consists of sodium bicarbonate alone and does not contain starch or potassium hydrogen tartrate.
(B) Caustic Soda: Incorrect. Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is not part of this mixture.
(C) Washing Soda: Incorrect. Washing soda is sodium carbonate, which is not part of this mixture.
(D) Baking Powder: Correct — Baking powder contains sodium hydrogen carbonate, starch, and an acidifying agent like potassium hydrogen tartrate.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (D) Baking Powder, as it is the mixture of starch, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and potassium hydrogen tartrate.

Step 1: Understanding the type of bond formed.
When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, the resulting bond is ionic (or electrovalent). This happens when a metal atom loses an electron, becoming a cation, and a non-metal atom gains that electron, becoming an anion. The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) B is divalent: This is not necessarily true. The oxidation state of B depends on the specific electron transfer and the nature of the compound.
(B) A is divalent: Similarly, this is not always true. The oxidation state of A depends on the reaction.
(C) AB forms electrovalent bond: Correct — The transfer of an electron leads to the formation of an ionic (electrovalent) bond between A and B.
(D) AB forms covalent bond: This is incorrect. A covalent bond forms when atoms share electrons, not when electrons are transferred.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) AB forms electrovalent bond.

Step 1: Understanding the catalysis in polymerization.
The manufacture of high-density polythene (HDPE) requires a catalyst that aids in the polymerization of ethylene. A common catalyst used for this is a combination of TiCl (Titanium tetrachloride) with Al(C H ) (triethylaluminum), which forms a Ziegler-Natta catalyst system.

Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) MnO : This is not the catalyst used in HDPE production. It is used in other types of oxidation reactions.
(B) Co-Th alloy: This is not used for HDPE production. It is used in other catalytic reactions but not in the polymerization of ethylene.
(C) TiCl along with Al(C H ) : Correct — This is the well-known Ziegler-Natta catalyst used in the production of high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
(D) V O : Vanadium pentoxide is used in some industrial reactions but is not the catalyst for HDPE production.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct catalyst used in the manufacture of high-density polythene is (C) TiCl along with Al(C H ) .

Step 1: Identifying the structure of the sweeteners.
Sucralose is a chlorinated derivative of sucrose, containing chlorine atoms in its molecular structure. It is the only one in the options with chlorine as part of its molecular formula.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Saccharine: Incorrect, saccharine does not contain chlorine.
(B) Alitame: Incorrect, alitame does not contain chlorine.
(C) Aspartame: Incorrect, aspartame does not contain chlorine.
(D) Sucralose: Correct — Sucralose contains chlorine in its molecular formula.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (D) Sucralose.

Step 1: Understanding food preservation methods.
Food preservation methods include removing heat, irradiating, and adding heat. However, adding water is not a common method of food preservation because water can facilitate the growth of microorganisms.
Step 2: Analyzing the options.
(A) Removal of heat: This is a common method (e.g., freezing) used to preserve food.
(B) Irradiation: This method involves exposing food to radiation to kill bacteria and extend shelf life.
(C) Addition of water: Correct — Adding water is generally not a preservation method, as it can promote spoilage.
(D) Addition of heat: This is another common method (e.g., pasteurization) for preserving food.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (C) Addition of water.

Concept:
For a general reaction: Rate is defined as: Step 1: Write the given reaction with coefficients. Here,
Step 2: Write the rate expression.
Step 3: Use given information. Rate of formation of NO: Thus,
Step 4: Interpret the result. Negative sign indicates disappearance, so magnitude of rate of disappearance of CO is:
Step 5: Conclusion.

Concept:
For a first-order reaction: Step 1: Observe formula. Half-life depends only on rate constant , not on concentration.
Step 2: Effect of doubling concentration. If initial concentration is doubled: But since does not contain , it remains unchanged.
Step 3: Conclusion.