The Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

During DNA replication, the DNAopens up, and strands separate by unwindase/helicase. This is done to allow for transcriptionas well as replication of our DNA.

• The molecule is unwound by DNA unwinding proteinsknown as helicases. 
• A DNA helicase or 'Unwindase' is an enzymethat melts the hydrogen bonds to hold the DNA in the double helix structure.
• The helicases II and III get attached to the logging strand and protein is attached to the leading strand. 
• The formation of bands is avoided by SSB or single stranded DNA binding proteins.

So, the correct option is 'unwindase/Helicase'.

The correct option is (B) : Cholesterol

Liposomes—spheres that have been artificially generated and are encircled by a membrane-like bilayer of phospholipids—that are employed for transformation (transgenics) contain a significant amount of cholesterol.

The correct option is (B) : Organism will have extra nuclear genes of recipient cell

The recipient cell has already been enucleated, therefore that is a given. It denotes the removal of its genetic material or nucleus. As a result, the organism that arises from it will possess the nuclear genes of the donor embryonal/somatic cell. As a result, the organism will have additional recipient cell nuclear genes. Therefore, "Organism will have extra nuclear genes of recipient cell" is the right response.

The antiparallel strands of a DNA molecule means that the phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands are in opposite position (pole).

Watson and Crick (1953) showed that structure of DNA is a double helical containing two polynucleotide chains connected by hydrogen bonds and running antiparallel. Antiparallel means that the two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions, parallel to one another. One strand is in the direction of 5' to 3' and another is in 3' to 5'. The main purpose behind the antiparallel direction of the two strands is to provide stability to the DNA.

Transformation was studied by S.F. Griffith in 1928. 

• While studying Streptococcus Pneumonia, he found that R-Type non-virulent bacteria pick up virulence from heat-killed virulent S-type bacteriato transform into virulent forms. 
• This experiment indicated the presence of a 'transforming principle' which was later found to be DNA.

Option C) Griffith is the correct answer.

The correct answer is:

Option 4: AUG

Explanation:

The starter codon is the codon that signals the beginning of protein synthesis (translation) in cells. The universal start codon is AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine in eukaryotes and a modified methionine (formylmethionine) in prokaryotes. This codon is crucial for initiating the translation process on the ribosome.

UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons, which signal the end of protein synthesis. They do not initiate translation.

Thus, the correct starter codon is AUG.

DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase

The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the polymerization of RNA in only one direction, which is from 5' to 3'. This directionality is important for the synthesis of RNA.

The strand that has polarity 5' to 3' acts as the template during RNA transcription. This strand is referred to as the template strand because it provides the necessary sequence information to synthesize the RNA molecule.

Explanation:

• 5' to 3' direction: RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction, meaning the new RNA strand is built in the opposite direction to the template strand (3' to 5').
• Template strand: The template strand provides the complementary sequence for the synthesis of RNA. RNA is synthesized by base-pairing with the template strand, where adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) (instead of thymine (T) in DNA), cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), and vice versa.

This process is essential for gene expression, as the RNA produced serves as a blueprint for protein synthesis during translation.

Option 3: It should be unstable structurally and chemically.

Explanation:

• Option 1: It should be able to express itself in the form of Mendelian characters. This is a necessary trait for genetic material, as genetic material must be able to pass on traits to the next generation and express these traits according to Mendelian inheritance.
• Option 2: It should be able to generate its replica. This is another crucial trait of genetic material. DNA and RNA must be able to replicate themselves to ensure that genetic information is passed on to progeny.
• Option 3: It should be unstable structurally and chemically. This is incorrect. Genetic material must be stable structurally and chemically to preserve the integrity of the genetic code and ensure proper replication and transmission of genetic information.
• Option 4: It should provide the scope for slow changes that are required for evolution. This is true as well. Genetic material must have the ability to undergo mutations, which are necessary for evolution over time.

Conclusion:

The correct answer is Option 3, as genetic material needs to be stable, not unstable, in order to preserve and pass on genetic information accurately.

The correct answer is Option C) Genes expressed as RNA

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are DNAsequences that represent expressed genes. They are derived from the mRNA molecules produced during proteinsynthesis.

• ESTs are utilized in the Human Genome Project.
• They provide valuable information about gene expression and help in understanding the human genome.

Therefore, Option C is the correct answer.

Discover More From Chapter: Molecular Basis of Inheritance