Origin And Evolution Of Man

- Leading strand: Synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction towards the replication fork.
- Lagging strand: Synthesized in short Okazaki fragments in the 5’ to 3’ direction away from the replication fork. These fragments are later joined by DNA ligase, ensuring the continuity of the strand.

During secondary treatment of sewage, the BOD of the effluent is reduced through the following processes:
- Consumption of organic matter: Aerobic microorganisms in the effluent consume the organic matter.
- Formation of flocs: Microbial activity leads to the formation of flocs, which are aggregations of bacteria and fungi.
- Decomposition of organic matter: Organic matter is broken down into simpler substances like carbon dioxide and water.
- Separation of activated sludge: The flocs settle down as activated sludge, further reducing the organic load.

- The arrows indicate the sites where the DNA strand is cleaved by EcoRI.
- The cleavage results in two DNA fragments with sticky ends. These sticky ends can anneal to complementary sequences, facilitating the insertion of desired DNA fragments into vectors during recombinant DNA technology.

- The restriction enzyme that recognizes this sequence is EcoRI.
- Such sequences of bases are known as palindromic sequences, as they read the same in both directions on complementary strands.

Step 1: Identifying the pattern of inheritance. - The disorder skips generations, which is characteristic of recessive inheritance. - Both males and females are equally likely to inherit the trait, indicating autosomal inheritance.
Step 2: Analyzing the pedigree. - Affected individuals have parents who are carriers but not affected themselves, confirming an autosomal recessive trait. - X-linked recessive traits would primarily affect males, which is not evident in this pedigree.

- Under unlimited resource conditions, the population growth curve exhibits exponential growth, represented by a J-shaped curve.
- The population size increases at a constant rate due to the absence of limiting factors.