Social Evolution

Advantage: Helps detect genetic disorders like Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. Disadvantage: It carries a small risk of miscarriage or harm to the fetus.

‘i’ gene: Codes for the repressor protein, which inhibits transcription of the operon in the absence of lactose. ‘z’ gene: Codes for -galactosidase, an enzyme that hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose. ‘a’ gene: Codes for transacetylase, which transfers an acetyl group to -galactosides. ‘y’ gene: Codes for lac permease, which facilitates lactose transport into the cell.

Upright pyramid: Found in most ecosystems, such as grasslands, where producers have the highest energy or biomass, followed by primary and secondary consumers. Inverted pyramid: Found in aquatic ecosystems, where phytoplankton (producers) have a smaller biomass than zooplankton and higher trophic levels.